EDUCATION Sumerians trained boys in art. The students were mostly sons from upper-class families – sons of priests‚ temple and palace officials‚ military officers‚ sea captains and scribes. Girls and those who can’t afford the fees were not enrolled. They used clay tablets to write and practice their cuneiform writing. Clay tablets became their books. Those who learned the art were assigned to work as scribes in the temples‚ courts‚ or as merchants. RELIGION Sumerians worshipped the
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temple. Although sometimes referred to as the temple of Ceres it is most definitely dedicated to Athena‚ to whom the Romans called Minerva. The discovery of undisturbed votive offerings at the south of the temple confirm the dedication of this temple to Athena. These offerings were mostly small terra-cotta statues of Athena. Small statues showed Athena into aspects - as a nurturing goddess with a child (kourotrophos)‚ and as an armed warrior (Promachos). These offerings were given to the temple by worshipers
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ANCIENT HISTORY: SPARTA HISTORICAL SOURCES. Geographical Setting: Written Sources: “whose fertility is greater than words can express” (Strabo) Archaeological Sources: They had access to marble‚ iron and bronze‚ this can be seen in the votive offerings left at the temple of Artemis Orthia that are made out of these items. They could hunt animals‚ this is supported by a depiction of Spartiates hunting a boar on Lakonian pottery. Social Structure and political organisation: Written sources:
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Civilizations in Mesopotamia Cumulative effects of agriculture + wave of technological changes around 4000 B.C.E. = generated civilizations as a new organizational form The process of agricultural economies = civilizations began in the Middle East. The Sumerians Sumer 1st river valley civilizations Major floods occurred Northeastern section along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that lead to the Persian Gulf Rainfall is scant Generated large food surpluses = population growth and village expansion +
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(later known as Ishtar) was considered the most important female deity and was addressed as the goddesses of love and war‚ and was especially praised by the Sumerians. She was highly regarded as the “morning star” and the “evening star” because she was associated with planet Venus (Gardner and Kleiner 34). Due to her high stature‚ Sumerians
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Harappa A large well and bathing platforms are remains of Harappa’s final phase of occupation from 2200 to 1900 BC. Shown within Pakistan Location Sahiwal District‚ Punjab‚ Pakistan Coordinates 30°37′44″N 72°51′50″ECoordinates: 30°37′44″N 72°51′50″E Type Settlement Area 150 ha (370 acres) History Periods Harappan 1 to Harappan 5 Cultures Indus Valley Civilization Site notes Condition Ruined Ownership Public Public access Yes Harappans is an archaeological site in Punjab‚ Pakistan‚ about 24 km
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Egyptian statues‚ but‚ over the course of the sixth century‚ are carved with increasingly more realistic anatomy. Faces‚ however‚ retain the conventional "Archaic smile" which serves to illustrate that the person is alive. Korai‚ shown wearing contemporary fashionable clothing‚ evidently stood as votive offerings in temple sanctuaries. A stylistic "sister" to the Anavysos kouros is the statue of a kore wearing a peplos‚ a simple‚ long‚ woolen belted garment that
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Looking at the example of the statues of Gudea from the Neo-Sumerian period and the Temple of Ramses II from the New Kingdom of Egypt in the 19th dynasty‚ will show how both rulers of these times chose to commemorate their life’s work and what insight those choices give current civilizations into the mind-set of their respective cultures. The "Seated statue of Gudea‚ holding temple plan‚" also known as "The architect with a plan‚" is an excellent example of the Neo-Sumerian ruler’s attempt to immortalize
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language‚ and mapmaking. Like the Egyptians‚ the Sumerians practiced polytheism. They tended to associate their gods with the forces of nature and heavenly bodies such as the sun and moon. Sumerians believed the gods had the same habits and feelings as ordinary humans but controlled much more power. The most important of the gods were as follows: Anu‚ lord of heaven‚ Enlil‚ god of the air and storms‚ and Ea‚ god of the waters. Unlike Egyptians‚ Sumerians did not have a strong belief in the afterlife
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is Marble statue of Kouros (male youth) which is characteristically depicted nude with the left leg striding forward and hands clenched at the side. This noble figure of a youth is one of the earliest freestanding marble statues from Archaic Greek‚ Attic. This statue was made with Naxian marble in ca. 590–580 b.c. Around 600 BCE the first monumental figure sculptures appear in Greece and depict youths. Most of the sculptures are always standing in the nude‚ and were either votive or commemorative
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