Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary‚ circular‚ single-stranded RNA without the protein coat that is typical for viruses.[1] The smallest discovered is a 220 nucleobase scRNA (small cytoplasmic RNA) associated with the rice yellow mottle sobemovirus (RYMV).[2] In comparison‚ the genome of the smallest known viruses capable of causing an infection by themselves are around 2kilobases in size. The human pathogen hepatitis D is
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roles of mitotic cell division‚ meiosis‚ and fertilization in the human life cycle. Mitosis allows for growth and repair from the fertilized egg to the adult. In reproductively mature individuals‚ meiosis creates gametes with half the genetic material. The male gamete then fertilizes the female gamete during sexual reproduction‚ forming a zygote with a full set of genetic material. 2. Why are both cell division and apoptosis necessary for the development of an organism? Cell division is needed
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Over 100 million animals are injured and killed each year due to the horrible effects of animal testing. Although all animals feel the same emotions as humans‚ such as feeling happy‚ sad‚ scared and even lonely. Scientists see animals other than the daily house house pet simply as mere tools for their experiments. Animals from mice to monkeys have intelligence and deserve to be loved and cared for just as much as an other animal. whether it be a pet or an endangered species. Many processes and procedures
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organism‚ organ or cell is called growth”‚ which includes increase in mass weight or volume of living organism‚ it leads to development in plants. REGION OF GROWTH: Growth region is located at extreme apices of root‚ stem‚ leaf where we make out meristematic tissue. In addition to above‚ the region where intercalary and lateral meristem is present is also considered as growth region. PHASES OF GROWTH: Growth is a complex process where the dividing cell pass through three phases: 1. Cell division 2
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Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells‚ and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly. All cells are separated from their surrounding by a cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also aids in the protection and support of the cell. A cell membrane
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populations of six economically important species in the genus Brassica have unusual potential for resolving many problems in plant biology and for use in education. Rapid-cycling brassicas can produce up to ten generations of seed per year and serve as models for research in genetics‚ host-parasite relations‚ molecular biology‚ cell biology‚ plant biochemistry‚ population biology‚ and plant breeding.
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industry the whole system is done by many separate machines like faulty bottle detection system‚ filling machine‚ capping machine‚ labelling process etc. Here the focal argument issue is about detecting the faulty bottle before entering into the main plant. We have used PLC which allows us using implying delay‚ timers‚ and counters. II. WORKING PRINCIPLE The main
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especially to the organizational performance and improved employee behavior. A number of recent articles (Cappelli et al. 2010; Ladkin and Weber 2011; Useem 2010) have explored the characteristics of a successful leader. The three articles all examine the leadership issues and challenges regarding what characterises attribute to be a successful leader. While the study by Ladkin and Weber focuses on leadership issues specific to the tourism industry‚ the article by Cappelli et al. focuses on leadership
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Artif Biology Project – Do You Agree With the Creation of This Artificial Cell? Introduction The aim for this project is to find out the positive and negative impacts of the creation of a new artificial cell called Cinthya (Annex N.1)‚ how can it be used positively in different fields‚ and at last‚ if I personally agree with the creation of Artificial Cells. In this project I will inform you about the uses of Artificial Cells in medicine and other subjects‚ if there are any drawbacks and finally
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1.A) Two main forms of cells exist: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and do not have membrane-bound nucleus or membrane- bound organelles‚ but do have: plasma membrane‚ cytosol and cytoplasm‚ and ribosomes. Prokaryotes contain much less DNA than eukaryotes and have circular chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells have information processing organelles‚ such as the nucleus which houses most of the cell’s DNA‚ and ribosomes which use information from DNA to produce proteins
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