Final Exam Genetics Spring 2011 Student Name: ___________________________________________________________________________ Please see me if you have any questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of mutations that eliminate cell-cycle checkpoints? A. polyploidy B. increased chromosomal translocations C. increased DNA damage D. aneuploidy E. Increased apoptosis 2. Attenuation is fine tuning of gene regulation of
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bacteria are harmless True Total number of bacterial species: about 10 million to a billion What is a microorganism? An organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope. (Smaller than 0.5 mm) Ex: Bacteria‚ Fungi‚ Protozoa‚ Algae‚ and Viruses Microbiom: collection of microbes Human cells vs. Microbial cells = 1:10 Which statement about Michaelangelo is not correct? A. He was an Italian sculptor‚ painter‚ architect‚ poet and engineer B. His masterpiece sculptor “David”‚ was made
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TimeLine of Genetics 1750 B.C.E. The Sumerians brew beer. 500 B.C.E. The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils. C.E. 100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide. 1590 The microscope is invented by Zacharias Janssen. 1663 Cells are first described by Robert Hooke. 1675 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. 1797 Edward Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1830 Proteins are
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fungal and bacterial infections. • Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC ACTION • interfere with making of bacterial cell walls: eg.‚ penicillin Weaken bacterial cell walls. Walls made of chains of peptidoglycan molecules. Penicillin prevents linking of peptidoglycan molecules. Cell wall becomes weak‚ bacterium bursts (lysis). • Do not act on viruses. No form of cellular structure- no cell walls or cell organelles. [pic]
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in all age groups. However‚ pneumonia is the leading cause of death in elderly‚ people who are chronically and terminally ill‚ and children under five years old worldwide. It can result from a variety of causes‚ including infection with bacteria‚ viruses‚ fungi‚ or parasites‚ and chemical or physical injury to the lungs. Pneumonia is an irregular inflammatory condition of the lung. It is often described as inflammation and abnormal fluid filling of the alveoli of the lung‚ which are microscopic air
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all over the world. GM foods are genetically modified using biotechnology. More and more GM foods appear on the shelves of our stores and supermarkets nowadays‚ and make their way into our kitchens. GM foods are designed for greater resistance to viruses and pests‚ higher nutritional value and longer shelf life. However‚ their safety‚ potential risks and ethical concerns are still being debated. So‚ should genetically modified crops be banned or not? Proponents of GM foods ensure that these foods
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The Double Helix James Watson accounts all the events of his career that occurred during 1950 to 1953‚ which led to the discovery of structure of the DNA in his famous piece of science writing called “The Double Helix”. In his book‚ James Watson describes how he and Francis Crick discovered the structure of the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) that leads to the major themes of this book‚ which is nature of scientific discovery. Watson describes his and Crick’s search for a simple explanation of DNA
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who may have been raped or abused. Also‚ homeless individuals often use drugs‚ and they have unprotected sex‚ so they are very vulnerable to HIV/AIDS viruses. Criminal activity is another serious effect of homelessness. The homeless are more likely to be involved with the crime‚ such as‚ robbery. They also use drugs‚ alcohol‚ tobacco‚ and then they become addicted to these very harmful things. The homeless can not control themselves; hence‚ they tend to do anything in many damaging
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Cancer in History In ancient Egypt‚ fossilized bone tumor was among the earliest evidence of cancer found human mummies and ancient manuscripts. Hippocrates‚ a well known ancient Greek physician‚ used the word “carcinoma” that described different types of cancers. The bodies of the mummies have shown growth indicated of bone cancer. The oldest information of cancer was found in Egypt back in 1600 B.C. What is Cancer? Cancer begins when the cells life cycle is abnormal. Instead of dying‚ the
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pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is not a single disease. It can have over 30 different causes. There are five main causes of pneumonia: bacterial‚ viruses‚ mycoplasmas‚ other infectious agents‚ such as fungi – including pneumocystis and various chemicals. Bacterial pneumonia can attack anyone from infants through the very old. Alcoholics‚ the debilitated‚ post-operative patients‚ people with respiratory
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