capital must be greater than the cost of capital. The cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in an alternative investment of equivalent risk. If a project is of similar risk to a company’s average business activities it is reasonable to use the company’s average cost of capital as a basis for the evaluation. A company’s securities typically include both debt and equity‚ one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a company’s
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Equity In accounting and finance‚ equity is the residual value or interest of the most junior class of investors in assets‚ after all liabilities are paid; if liability exceeds assets‚ negative equity exists. In an accounting context‚ shareholders’ equity (or stockholders’ equity‚ shareholders’ funds‚ shareholders’ capital or similar terms) represents the remaining interest in the assets of a company‚ spread among individual shareholders of common or preferred stock; a negative shareholders’ equity
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3% + Beta Coefficient .36 Market Risk Premium 8% Cost of Equity 5.88% + Risk - Free Rate 3.% Weighted Cost of Equity 3.52% X Percentage of Total Capital Supplied by Equity 60% + Before Tax Cost of Debt 5.66% WACC 5..00% Weighted Cost of Debt 1.53% Before Tax Operating Profit in % 100% After Tax Cost of Debt 3.83% X X After Tax Operating Profit in 67.6% 40% of Total Capital Supplied by Debt 40% - Income Tax Rate 32.4% Rate of Return of a Market Index
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Debt and equity financing Debt and equity financing is the sources of funding can provide you with all the cash you need to start or grow your business. Debt financing Debt financing means borrowing money from an outside source with the promise of paying back the borrowed amount‚ plus the agreed-upon interest‚ at a later date. When a firm raises money for working capital or capital expenditures by selling bonds‚ bills‚ or notes to individual and/or institutional investors can be considered as debt
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+ Shareholders’ equity Revenues – Expenses = Income Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to bondholders + Cash flow to shareholders Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities Quick ratio = Current assets – Inventory Current liabilities [2.1] [2.2] [2.3] [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [3.4] [3.5] [3.6] Cash ratio = Cash/Current liabilities Net working capital to total assets = Net working capital/Total assets Interval measure = Current assets/Average daily operating costs Total debt ratio = [Total assets
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cash flow models: Dividend discount Free cash flow to the firm Residual income Multiples-based valuation: Price-earnings Value-EBITDA Value-EBIT Value-Sales Price-Book value Equity valuation In conjunction with the valuation of Coles Group‚ contained in “Excel03 Equity valuation” Real options valuation Equity markets price shares above the present value of expected future cash flows‚ due to the presence of embedded options not captured by DCF analysis Real options valuation is introduced
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each division‚ and the hurdle rate is updated annually.(WACC = (1-Tc) * (D/A) * R[D] + (E/A) * R[E]) Marriot’s Tax Bracket = 175.9/398.9 = 44% Division’s asset weight to the corporation: Lodging = 2777.4/4582.7 = 0.59 Contract = 1237.7/4582.7 = 0.28 Restaurant = 567.6/4582.7 = 0.13 Risk free rate is 30 years T-Bond = 8.95% (Lodging use long-term debt) Market Premium is the Spread between S&P 500 and long-term US bond = 7.43% Debt rate premium above government = 1.10% Lodging’s D/A
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performance include consolidated revenues that were up more than 4% over the previous year‚ reported EPS growth at 11.3% to $2.16 per share‚ return of $15.6 to shareholders through share buybacks and strong dividends. About 43.8% of the total capital of the company comes from debt and the remaining comes from equity. The cost of the different components of its capital structure are – debt: 2.92% (after-tax cost)‚ and equity: 9.49%. The WACC is 6.61%‚ based on the capital structure outlined. The effective
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Rate 0.44 Equity Beta D/D+S Lodging Hilton Holiday La Quinta Ramada Average 0.76 1.35 0.89 1.36 1.09 14% 79% 69% 65% 0.5675 S/D+S 86% 21% 31% 35% 0.4325 D/S Unlevered Beta 0.16 3.76 2.23 1.86 2.00 0.65 0.28 0.28 0.48 0.42 Target D/D+S Target D/S Levered Beta 74% 2.85 1.62 Costs of Equity: Rf Lodging MRP 8.95% 7.43% Beta Requity 1.62 21.02% Costs of Debt: Rf Lodging 8.95% Spread Tax rate Rdebt(1-T) 1.10% 0.44 0.0563 WACCs: Lodging Target D/D+S Rdebt(1-T) S/D+S Requity WACC 74% 0.0563
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Cost of Debt and Cost of Equity: Cost of Debt is the interest rate and the Cost of Equity is the expected rate of return demanded by investors in the firm’s common stock. The issue at hand is finding the correct costs of debt and equity in order to find an accurate calculation of WACC. Cohen used the 20-year yield on U.S. Treasuries as the risk free rate‚ which we found to be the correct figure given that Nike Inc. debt was valued over 25 years. Because there is no other given yield that is comparable
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