Describe Beck’s (1976) Schema theory and the predictions it would make about the cognitive biases of depressed and/or anxious individuals. Discuss at least two pieces of research that have examined cognitive biases in such individuals‚ and explain whether the findings are consistent with Beck’s predictions. Beck’s (1976) traditional model proposes unidirectional effects from cognitive constructs on depressive symptoms (Pössel‚ 2011). He identified three mechanisms (Beck and Alford‚ 2009) that
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Outline and evaluate the evolutionary theory of attachment Bowlby came up with this theory and believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. His theory states that we are born with an inherited need to form an attachment in order to help us survive. This involved Darwins theory of natural selection as any behaviour that helps you survive will be kept in the gene pool. In terms of humans‚ babies are helpless and rely completely on the primary caregiver which is normally the mother. Interestingly
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Critically evaluate Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory of human development: with particular reference to identity development during adolescence. Erikson is a neo-Freudian‚ who chose not to criticise but to develop Freud’s ideas. Erikson extended many aspects of Freud’s ‘psychosexual stage theory’ within his ‘psychosocial stage theory’ (1975; 1968; 1963). Erikson suggested the ego as the driving force in personality development‚ unlike Freud who suggested this to be the id. There were originally
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The multi store model of memory was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)‚ it is proposed that memory was not a single process but involved more than one stage and more than one kind of memory‚ the different stages of memory operate together. These stages include sensory memory‚ Short term memory and long term memory‚ Information is said to pass through each stage in a fixed sequence. There are limitations of capacity and duration at each separate stage. The first stage of the model is the sensory
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These pyramids took place in the Third Dynasty during 2630-2575 BC. King Djoser commissioned this monumental architecture in Egypt. The designer was Djoser’s prime minister‚ Ihotep‚ whose name is inscribed on a statue at the site. The purpose was to hold his mummified body. The Step Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser’s at Saqqara arose as a traditional‚ flat-roofed mastaba‚ although in 2611 B.C.‚ by the end of his nineteen-year reign‚ it had risen to six stepped layers and stood two hundred and four feet
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Cognitive development is the development of thought processes‚ including remembering‚ problem solving‚ and decision-making‚ from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically‚ the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of "mental age‚" according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence match
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What is theory of mind? by Josh Clark Source: Clark‚ Josh. ‘What is theory of mind?’ 05 April 2011. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://people.howstuffworks.com/theory-of-mind.htm> Back when you were a child of 2 or so‚ you were virtually mindless‚ at least compared to how you are now. In the first few years of life‚ your primary focus was you: you wanted food‚ comfort‚ a colorful toy – and you were willing to cry very loudly to get it. In return‚ you offered nothing but potential quiet. You were egocentric
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In this task I am going to identify 2 different theories of language development I am going to be doing‚ Naom Chomsky and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget According to Piaget‚ language development is related to cognitive development‚ that is‚ the development of the child’s thinking determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example‚ before a child can say‚ “This teddy is smaller than that one”‚ she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size.
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The adolescent stage has been one of the greatest and most significant changes in the developmental stages of a person’s life. It is a period of transition of major physiological changes as well as the behavioural changes on a child due to the hormonal levels and the perception shift from childhood to adulthood. This usually happens from the age of 12 to 19 years old where maturity stage happens in a child. Ng Jin Sheng is a typical Chinese teenager boy of age 15 in a secondary 3 Normal Academic
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The multi-store model of memory is an theoretical explanation of how memory processes work. It was the first extensively accepted model of how memory works‚ it is however not the definitive explanation of memory. The model was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. It is suggested in the model that the human memory involves a sequence of three stages‚ these include: sensory memory‚ short term memory and long term memory. Information is said to pass through each stage in a fixed sequence.
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