A & P Lab Questions And Answers
A&P Lab
Exercise 1
1. Discuss how to protect yourself from body fluids, such as saliva and blood.
You would protect yourself from other body fluids by first only working with your own body fluid. Second never allow body fluid to touch your skin. Always wear gloves and glasses when working with body fluids. Always assume that body fluids can infect you with a disease. Clean up body fluid spills with a 10% bleach solution/water and wear gloves when cleaning.
2. Why should you consider a body fluid capable of infecting you with a disease?
You should always consider it because it’s a good safeguard to practice when you’re working in a clinical setting where you may be responsible for handling body fluids from the general population. …show more content…
3. Describe how to dispose of materials contaminated with body fluids.
You would dispose of materials contaminated with body fluids in the body fluid biohazard container.
4. Explain how to safely plug and unplug an electrical device.
You would safely unplug an electrical device by pulling on the plug and not the cord to pull it out.
5. Discuss how to protect yourself from preservatives used on biological specimens.
You would protect yourself from preservatives used on a biological specimen by wearing gloves and safety glasses. Do not shake the container or put the specimen back in the container.
6. Why are special biohazard containers used for biological waste?
Biohazard containers are used to separate infectious, contaminated or dangerous material from other materials that wouldn’t be labeled as such and to protect us and the environment. Also the disposing of biohazard material is done differently than normal material.
7. Explain how to clean up broken glass.
To clean up broken glass you would clean it up immediately and not use your hands but a broom and a dust pan and then placed in the sharps box.
8. First aid kit: on the left hand side of the front door
Nearest telephone: To the top right of the front door
Eye wash station: Right hand side of the front door next to the white board and next to all the sinks
First exits: front and back door
Fire extinguisher: By front door and back door
Chemical spill kit: on top of the fire proof chemical storage container
Fan switches: in the hut
Biohazard container: Well the sharps container and metals container is next to the fire proof chemical storage, but there is no biohazard container
9. Your instructor informs you that a chemical is not dangerous. How should you dispose of the chemical?
You would dispose of it by diluting it with water and then pour it down the drain.
10. What precautions should you take while using a centrifuge?
When using the centrifuge you should keep all loose hair, jewelry and clothing away from the instrument. Never open the safety lid when the centrifuge is on or spinning and do not attempt to stop it with your hand.
11. How are preservatives correctly discarded?
Preservative should be discarded in a central storage container maintained for that purpose and specimens should be placed in an absorbent material and then picked up by a hazardous waist company.
12. Discuss how to safely measure and mix chemicals.
You safely measure and mix chemicals by wearing gloves and using protective safety glasses. First pour solution from a large container into a smaller beaker and then into your glassware with the solution. To prevent contamination do not pour excess solution back into the container instead ask the instructor on proper disposing of the chemical. And when mixing always add a chemical to water never add water to the chemical.
Exercise 2
Define each directional term:
1. Anterior: front surface
2. Lateral: away from the body’s longitudinal axis
3. Proximal: toward an attached base
4. Ventral: the belly side
5. Posterior: the back surface
6. Medial: toward the body’s longitudinal axis
7. Distal: away from an attached base
8.
Superficial: at, near or relatively close to the body
9. Superior: above
10. Dorsal: the back surface
11. Inferior: below
12. Deep: farther from the body surface
Use the correct terms to complete each sentence
1. The heart is surrounded by a small cavity call the pericardial cavity, which is inside a larger cavity, the mediastinum.
2. The abdominal cavity surrounds the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity.
3. The kidneys are proximal because they are superficial to the renal cortex.
4. The inner membrane surrounding a lung is the Visceral pleura
5. The brain is contained in a cavity called the cranial cavity.
6. A lubricating substance in body cavities is called serous fluid
7. The large medial area of the chest is called thoracic
8. The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity horizontally is the diaphragm
9. The outer layer of a serous membrane is the parietal layer
10. In the anatomical position the palms of the hands are forward
11. The index finger is
12. The trunk is superior to the pubis
13. Where it attaches to the elbow the brachium is proximal to the elbow
14. The buttock is dorsal to the pubis
15. The shoulders are distal to the hips
1. Describe the six main levels of organization in the
body.
Molecular: the simplest level. Atoms such as carbon and hydrogen bond together and form molecules
Cellular: Cells are the fundamental level of biological organization because it’s cells that are alive.
Tissue: Although tissues lack a distink shape they are distinguishable by cell type such as the various cells that comprise the pancreas
Organ: At this level each organ has a distinct three dimensional shape and range of functions that is broader than the range of functions of individual cells or tissues.
Organ system: Includes all the organs of a system interacting to accomplish a common goal.
Organism Level: All organ systems make up the individual
2. List the nine abdominopelvic regions and the location of each
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Left hypochondriac region
3. Right lumbar region
4. Left lumbar region
5. Right inguinal region
6. Left inguinal region
7. Epigastric region
8. Umbilical region
9. Hypogastric region(pubic region)
3. Compare the study of anatomy with that of physiology
Anatomy deals with the study of body structures and physiology is the study of how the body functions and of the work that cells must do to keep the body stable and operating efficiently.
4. Define the term homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively steady internal environment through physiological work.
5. In which quadrant is the liver located The liver is located in epigastric region.
6. Name the abdominopelvic region that contains the urinary bladder.
Hypogastric region or pubic region.
7. Describe the parasagittal plan of section.
A plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions.
8. What do the brachium, antecubitis, and antebrachium constitute.
Arm, front of elbow, and forearm
9. Where is the dorsal surface of a four legged animal?
Its back.
1. Label the regions of the body
2. Cranial
3. Auxiliary armpit
4. Brachial
5. Antecubital
6. Antebrachial
7. Carpal
8. Palmar
9. Digits
10. Patellar
11. Crural
12. Tarsal
13. Digits(toes)
14. Cervical
15. Thoracic
16. Mammary
17. Abdominal
18. Umbilical
19. Pelvic
20. Trunk
21. Manual
22. Inguinal
23. Pubic
24. Femoral
25. Pedal
2. Label the directional terms
1. superior
2. lateral
3. medial
4. proximal
5. distal
6. Inferior
7. cranial
8. posterior or dorsal
9. anterior or ventral
10. caudal
3. label the structures 1. cranial cavity
2. spinal cavity
3. pleural cavity
4. diaphragm
5. abdominal cavity
6. pelvic cavity
7. abdominopelvic cavity
8. pericardial cavity
9. visceral cavity
10. parietal cavity
F. Analysis and application 1. Explain why it is important to use anatomical terminology when describing body parts. It’s important because it describes which direction, how deep, what type, and where at. All these terms can be used to give information on a body part. 2. Compare the body axis of a four legged animal to the axis of a human. In four legged animals the head is anterior to the tail and in humans the head is superior to the tail. In four legged animals the region toward the head is the cranial and the region toward the tail is caudal.
3. Describe the cavities that protect the brain and spinal cord.
The cavity which protects the brain is the cranial cavity which is the space within the oval cranium of the skull that encases and protects the brain. The spinal cavity protects the spine and is contained within the meninges, a protective three layed membrane.
4. What is the benefit for organs in the ventral body to be surrounded by double layered membranes instead of single layered membranes.
It’s beneficial because with a two layered membrane it allows a place in between the membranes for serous fluid to be contained which acts as a shock absorber.
G. Clinical Challenge
1. Nicole has a respiratory infection that has caused her right pleura to dry out. Describe the symptoms that could be related to this condition.
She would find it hard to take a deep breath due to painful inhalation. Abnormal breath sounds during auscultation of the lungs, and chest pains.
2. Doug has a skateboard accident and scrapes his knees, left hip and left elbow. Using the appropriate regional terminology, describe his injuries as if you were writing them in his medical chart.
Doug has superficial abrasion on his right and left patellar, coxa and left olecranal.
Exercise 3
A. Matching
1. Greater omentum: F
2. Esophagus: D
3. Pylorus: H
4. Aorta: E
5. Cecum: G
6. Diaphragm: I
7. Bronchi: B
8. Liver: L
9. Duodenum: A
10. Pancreas: K
11. Adrenal gland: C
12. Urethra: J
B. Fill in the blanks
1. The heart is located in a small cavity called the pericardial cavity, which is inside a larger cavity, the mediastinum cavity.
2. The peritoneum surrounds the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity.
3. The kidneys are retroperitoneal because they are located outside the peritoneal cavity.
4. The first section of the small intestine is the duodenum.
5. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureter
C. Short answer questions
1. Which organ systems protect the body from infection?
Lymphoid system
2. Long term coordination of body function is regulated by which organ system?
Endocrine system
3. Which organ system stores minerals for the body
Skeletal system
D. Labeling
Figure 3.6 Organs of the cat abdominopelvic cavity
1. diaphragm
2. gall bladder
3. right laberal lobe of liver
4. duodenum
5. pancreas
6. ascending colon
7. cecum
8. lieum
9. mesentery
10. bladder
11. lesser omentum
12. stomach
13. greater omentum
14. spleen
15. descending colon
16. jejunum
Exercise 1
1. Discuss how to protect yourself from body fluids, such as saliva and blood.
You would protect yourself from other body fluids by first only working with your own body fluid. Second never allow body fluid to touch your skin. Always wear gloves and glasses when working with body fluids. Always assume that body fluids can infect you with a disease. Clean up body fluid spills with a 10% bleach solution/water and wear gloves when cleaning.
2. Why should you consider a body fluid capable of infecting you with a disease?
You should always consider it because it’s a good safeguard to practice when you’re working in a clinical setting where you may be responsible for handling body fluids from the general population. …show more content…
3. Describe how to dispose of materials contaminated with body fluids.
You would dispose of materials contaminated with body fluids in the body fluid biohazard container.
4. Explain how to safely plug and unplug an electrical device.
You would safely unplug an electrical device by pulling on the plug and not the cord to pull it out.
5. Discuss how to protect yourself from preservatives used on biological specimens.
You would protect yourself from preservatives used on a biological specimen by wearing gloves and safety glasses. Do not shake the container or put the specimen back in the container.
6. Why are special biohazard containers used for biological waste?
Biohazard containers are used to separate infectious, contaminated or dangerous material from other materials that wouldn’t be labeled as such and to protect us and the environment. Also the disposing of biohazard material is done differently than normal material.
7. Explain how to clean up broken glass.
To clean up broken glass you would clean it up immediately and not use your hands but a broom and a dust pan and then placed in the sharps box.
8. First aid kit: on the left hand side of the front door
Nearest telephone: To the top right of the front door
Eye wash station: Right hand side of the front door next to the white board and next to all the sinks
First exits: front and back door
Fire extinguisher: By front door and back door
Chemical spill kit: on top of the fire proof chemical storage container
Fan switches: in the hut
Biohazard container: Well the sharps container and metals container is next to the fire proof chemical storage, but there is no biohazard container
9. Your instructor informs you that a chemical is not dangerous. How should you dispose of the chemical?
You would dispose of it by diluting it with water and then pour it down the drain.
10. What precautions should you take while using a centrifuge?
When using the centrifuge you should keep all loose hair, jewelry and clothing away from the instrument. Never open the safety lid when the centrifuge is on or spinning and do not attempt to stop it with your hand.
11. How are preservatives correctly discarded?
Preservative should be discarded in a central storage container maintained for that purpose and specimens should be placed in an absorbent material and then picked up by a hazardous waist company.
12. Discuss how to safely measure and mix chemicals.
You safely measure and mix chemicals by wearing gloves and using protective safety glasses. First pour solution from a large container into a smaller beaker and then into your glassware with the solution. To prevent contamination do not pour excess solution back into the container instead ask the instructor on proper disposing of the chemical. And when mixing always add a chemical to water never add water to the chemical.
Exercise 2
Define each directional term:
1. Anterior: front surface
2. Lateral: away from the body’s longitudinal axis
3. Proximal: toward an attached base
4. Ventral: the belly side
5. Posterior: the back surface
6. Medial: toward the body’s longitudinal axis
7. Distal: away from an attached base
8.
Superficial: at, near or relatively close to the body
9. Superior: above
10. Dorsal: the back surface
11. Inferior: below
12. Deep: farther from the body surface
Use the correct terms to complete each sentence
1. The heart is surrounded by a small cavity call the pericardial cavity, which is inside a larger cavity, the mediastinum.
2. The abdominal cavity surrounds the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity.
3. The kidneys are proximal because they are superficial to the renal cortex.
4. The inner membrane surrounding a lung is the Visceral pleura
5. The brain is contained in a cavity called the cranial cavity.
6. A lubricating substance in body cavities is called serous fluid
7. The large medial area of the chest is called thoracic
8. The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity horizontally is the diaphragm
9. The outer layer of a serous membrane is the parietal layer
10. In the anatomical position the palms of the hands are forward
11. The index finger is
12. The trunk is superior to the pubis
13. Where it attaches to the elbow the brachium is proximal to the elbow
14. The buttock is dorsal to the pubis
15. The shoulders are distal to the hips
1. Describe the six main levels of organization in the
body.
Molecular: the simplest level. Atoms such as carbon and hydrogen bond together and form molecules
Cellular: Cells are the fundamental level of biological organization because it’s cells that are alive.
Tissue: Although tissues lack a distink shape they are distinguishable by cell type such as the various cells that comprise the pancreas
Organ: At this level each organ has a distinct three dimensional shape and range of functions that is broader than the range of functions of individual cells or tissues.
Organ system: Includes all the organs of a system interacting to accomplish a common goal.
Organism Level: All organ systems make up the individual
2. List the nine abdominopelvic regions and the location of each
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Left hypochondriac region
3. Right lumbar region
4. Left lumbar region
5. Right inguinal region
6. Left inguinal region
7. Epigastric region
8. Umbilical region
9. Hypogastric region(pubic region)
3. Compare the study of anatomy with that of physiology
Anatomy deals with the study of body structures and physiology is the study of how the body functions and of the work that cells must do to keep the body stable and operating efficiently.
4. Define the term homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively steady internal environment through physiological work.
5. In which quadrant is the liver located The liver is located in epigastric region.
6. Name the abdominopelvic region that contains the urinary bladder.
Hypogastric region or pubic region.
7. Describe the parasagittal plan of section.
A plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions.
8. What do the brachium, antecubitis, and antebrachium constitute.
Arm, front of elbow, and forearm
9. Where is the dorsal surface of a four legged animal?
Its back.
1. Label the regions of the body
2. Cranial
3. Auxiliary armpit
4. Brachial
5. Antecubital
6. Antebrachial
7. Carpal
8. Palmar
9. Digits
10. Patellar
11. Crural
12. Tarsal
13. Digits(toes)
14. Cervical
15. Thoracic
16. Mammary
17. Abdominal
18. Umbilical
19. Pelvic
20. Trunk
21. Manual
22. Inguinal
23. Pubic
24. Femoral
25. Pedal
2. Label the directional terms
1. superior
2. lateral
3. medial
4. proximal
5. distal
6. Inferior
7. cranial
8. posterior or dorsal
9. anterior or ventral
10. caudal
3. label the structures 1. cranial cavity
2. spinal cavity
3. pleural cavity
4. diaphragm
5. abdominal cavity
6. pelvic cavity
7. abdominopelvic cavity
8. pericardial cavity
9. visceral cavity
10. parietal cavity
F. Analysis and application 1. Explain why it is important to use anatomical terminology when describing body parts. It’s important because it describes which direction, how deep, what type, and where at. All these terms can be used to give information on a body part. 2. Compare the body axis of a four legged animal to the axis of a human. In four legged animals the head is anterior to the tail and in humans the head is superior to the tail. In four legged animals the region toward the head is the cranial and the region toward the tail is caudal.
3. Describe the cavities that protect the brain and spinal cord.
The cavity which protects the brain is the cranial cavity which is the space within the oval cranium of the skull that encases and protects the brain. The spinal cavity protects the spine and is contained within the meninges, a protective three layed membrane.
4. What is the benefit for organs in the ventral body to be surrounded by double layered membranes instead of single layered membranes.
It’s beneficial because with a two layered membrane it allows a place in between the membranes for serous fluid to be contained which acts as a shock absorber.
G. Clinical Challenge
1. Nicole has a respiratory infection that has caused her right pleura to dry out. Describe the symptoms that could be related to this condition.
She would find it hard to take a deep breath due to painful inhalation. Abnormal breath sounds during auscultation of the lungs, and chest pains.
2. Doug has a skateboard accident and scrapes his knees, left hip and left elbow. Using the appropriate regional terminology, describe his injuries as if you were writing them in his medical chart.
Doug has superficial abrasion on his right and left patellar, coxa and left olecranal.
Exercise 3
A. Matching
1. Greater omentum: F
2. Esophagus: D
3. Pylorus: H
4. Aorta: E
5. Cecum: G
6. Diaphragm: I
7. Bronchi: B
8. Liver: L
9. Duodenum: A
10. Pancreas: K
11. Adrenal gland: C
12. Urethra: J
B. Fill in the blanks
1. The heart is located in a small cavity called the pericardial cavity, which is inside a larger cavity, the mediastinum cavity.
2. The peritoneum surrounds the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity.
3. The kidneys are retroperitoneal because they are located outside the peritoneal cavity.
4. The first section of the small intestine is the duodenum.
5. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureter
C. Short answer questions
1. Which organ systems protect the body from infection?
Lymphoid system
2. Long term coordination of body function is regulated by which organ system?
Endocrine system
3. Which organ system stores minerals for the body
Skeletal system
D. Labeling
Figure 3.6 Organs of the cat abdominopelvic cavity
1. diaphragm
2. gall bladder
3. right laberal lobe of liver
4. duodenum
5. pancreas
6. ascending colon
7. cecum
8. lieum
9. mesentery
10. bladder
11. lesser omentum
12. stomach
13. greater omentum
14. spleen
15. descending colon
16. jejunum