Addison's Test Lab Report
With the urine samples given to us by the five patients we tested the amounts of glucose, amino acids, urea, and salts in urine. To test this we used different chemicals that would react with one of the four items above showing either a high concentration or low concentration within the urine. By using a solution called silver nitrate we could test whether or not salt was present in the urine. If the urine turned a cloudy white after adding the silver nitrate the urine had a high concentration of salt. To test for amino acid we used a chemical called biuret solution. If the urine turned the color purple it means that there was excess amino acid found in the urine. We then used a glucose test strip to test if the urine had glucose in it. If the strip turned a different color it meant that glucose was present. Finally we tested urea in the urine by using a powder called urease and a solution called phenolphthalein. If after adding these two items and the urine turned pink it meant that the urine had urea in it. The urine of a healthy patient should get the test results urea positive, salts positive, glucose negative and amino
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acid negative. The following is the results of the five patients.
Patient 1:
A: Renal tubules are structures in the kidney which contain tubular fluids that help to filter the blood. This fluid will eventually turn into urine and be excreted from the body. These tubes are found in the nephron. The renal tubules consists of three parts, the glomular filtrate, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule and is located at the end of the nephron. The nephron is like a filter that regulates the concentration of solubles by filtering the blood. It takes in the essential nutrients from the blood and it then excretes the waste in the form of urine.
B: In patient one’s urine you can see that they have a higher concentration of glucose than that of a healthy person. One disease that can contribute to this is renal glycosuria. This is a rare genetic disorder where sugar is excreted in the urine even though there is low blood sugar, or a average amount of sugar in the blood. Normally the kidney gets rid of excess sugar in the blood by passing it through the urine only when the person constantly has high blood sugar. Although when a person has this genetic disorder their body excretes glucose even when there is no excess sugar in the blood. The cause of glucose being excreted from the urine is due to the irregular functioning of the renal tubules. There are no visible symptoms to this disorder other than glucose being tested positive in the urine. This disorder is very rare however it could be the cause of this patient having glucose tested positive during the test.
C: Having renal glycosuria is a self limiting disorder. Like other disorders involving glucose problems there are different treatments depending on how serious the condition is. Most of the time just a healthy lifestyle will often avert the problem. Some other treatments can consist of medication for overactive bladder, drinking lots of water, and medications to stop the rising blood pressure.
Patient 2:
A: Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that are located in the mid region of your body. The kidney has many functions including filtering waste from the blood, maintaining blood volume, creating bicarbonates to maintain the pH of blood, and other important functions that keep homeostasis in the body.
B: In patient two’s urine you can see that amino acid tested positive and the urea tested negative. One disorder that could have caused this to occur is cystinuria. This is common genetic disorder in which amino acids, mostly cystine, cannot pass through the cell membranes of kidney cells and cells found in the digestive tract.. This causes an excess amount of the amino acid to pass through the body, resulting in a higher concentration to be found in the urine. The excess amount of cystine in the urine can cause cystine stones to occur, a type of kidney stone. Since cystine is an amino acid that is least soluble, it can start to crystallize anywhere in urinary tract creating these stones. The reason why urea was not found in the urine is because urea is normally a compound that is created by the liver after it breaks down proteins or amino acids and ammonia. Due to the fact that the amino acids are just being passed through the liver and body without being broken down causes urea to be in a lower concentration when excreted out of the body. Therefore there wasn’t a lot of urea in the urine but there were amino acids.
C: Most treatments for cystinuria are to prevent cystine stones from forming in the excretory system. They do this by keeping the cystine concentration in the urine low. This can be done by drinking lots of fluids or you can try taking potassium citrate which helps to make the urine alkaline, which dissolves the cystine. You can also try changing your diet to one with less protein and salts. Another treatment to try is taking prescribed drugs, such as captopril. Most of these treatments are affective, however there is still risks of producing these stones.
Patient 5:
A: Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that are located in the mid region of your body. The kidney has many functions including filtering the blood of waste, maintaining blood volume, creating bicarbonates to maintain the pH of blood, and other important functions that keep homeostasis in the body. Adrenal glands are attached above the each of the kidneys. Their main function is to produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone that interact with the kidneys to regulate the blood.
B: In patient five’s test results you can see that their urine tested negative for salt.
One disorder that can lead to this occurring is Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease). This is a hormonal disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and aldosterone. Aldosterone is a type of hormone which is produced in the adrenal glands and helps to regulate blood pressure and balance salts and water in the body. It does this by working with the kidney to create potassium and to retain salt. When there is low levels of aldosterone created this causes the kidney’s to not be able to regulate salts and would cause blood pressure and volume to drop. Due to the kidney’s inability to retain the salt and then excrete from the body the salt continues to flow through the blood. Therefore no salt is found in the
urine.
C: Since Adrenal Insufficiency is a lack of hormones produced in the body, a treatment that can fix this is the replacement or substitute of the hormones. This can be done by taking tablets or other forms of medication of the two hormones, cortisol and aldosterone. The purpose of this treatment is to maintain the hormones in the body and stop the symptoms from occurring. In many of the cases associated with Adrenal Insufficiency the treatment is life long.
Aminoaciduria: A protein metabolism disorder where excess amino acids are present in the urine. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatmentsof Aminoaciduria is available below.
acid negative. The following is the results of the five patients.
Patient 1:
A: Renal tubules are structures in the kidney which contain tubular fluids that help to filter the blood. This fluid will eventually turn into urine and be excreted from the body. These tubes are found in the nephron. The renal tubules consists of three parts, the glomular filtrate, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule and is located at the end of the nephron. The nephron is like a filter that regulates the concentration of solubles by filtering the blood. It takes in the essential nutrients from the blood and it then excretes the waste in the form of urine.
B: In patient one’s urine you can see that they have a higher concentration of glucose than that of a healthy person. One disease that can contribute to this is renal glycosuria. This is a rare genetic disorder where sugar is excreted in the urine even though there is low blood sugar, or a average amount of sugar in the blood. Normally the kidney gets rid of excess sugar in the blood by passing it through the urine only when the person constantly has high blood sugar. Although when a person has this genetic disorder their body excretes glucose even when there is no excess sugar in the blood. The cause of glucose being excreted from the urine is due to the irregular functioning of the renal tubules. There are no visible symptoms to this disorder other than glucose being tested positive in the urine. This disorder is very rare however it could be the cause of this patient having glucose tested positive during the test.
C: Having renal glycosuria is a self limiting disorder. Like other disorders involving glucose problems there are different treatments depending on how serious the condition is. Most of the time just a healthy lifestyle will often avert the problem. Some other treatments can consist of medication for overactive bladder, drinking lots of water, and medications to stop the rising blood pressure.
Patient 2:
A: Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that are located in the mid region of your body. The kidney has many functions including filtering waste from the blood, maintaining blood volume, creating bicarbonates to maintain the pH of blood, and other important functions that keep homeostasis in the body.
B: In patient two’s urine you can see that amino acid tested positive and the urea tested negative. One disorder that could have caused this to occur is cystinuria. This is common genetic disorder in which amino acids, mostly cystine, cannot pass through the cell membranes of kidney cells and cells found in the digestive tract.. This causes an excess amount of the amino acid to pass through the body, resulting in a higher concentration to be found in the urine. The excess amount of cystine in the urine can cause cystine stones to occur, a type of kidney stone. Since cystine is an amino acid that is least soluble, it can start to crystallize anywhere in urinary tract creating these stones. The reason why urea was not found in the urine is because urea is normally a compound that is created by the liver after it breaks down proteins or amino acids and ammonia. Due to the fact that the amino acids are just being passed through the liver and body without being broken down causes urea to be in a lower concentration when excreted out of the body. Therefore there wasn’t a lot of urea in the urine but there were amino acids.
C: Most treatments for cystinuria are to prevent cystine stones from forming in the excretory system. They do this by keeping the cystine concentration in the urine low. This can be done by drinking lots of fluids or you can try taking potassium citrate which helps to make the urine alkaline, which dissolves the cystine. You can also try changing your diet to one with less protein and salts. Another treatment to try is taking prescribed drugs, such as captopril. Most of these treatments are affective, however there is still risks of producing these stones.
Patient 5:
A: Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that are located in the mid region of your body. The kidney has many functions including filtering the blood of waste, maintaining blood volume, creating bicarbonates to maintain the pH of blood, and other important functions that keep homeostasis in the body. Adrenal glands are attached above the each of the kidneys. Their main function is to produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone that interact with the kidneys to regulate the blood.
B: In patient five’s test results you can see that their urine tested negative for salt.
One disorder that can lead to this occurring is Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease). This is a hormonal disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and aldosterone. Aldosterone is a type of hormone which is produced in the adrenal glands and helps to regulate blood pressure and balance salts and water in the body. It does this by working with the kidney to create potassium and to retain salt. When there is low levels of aldosterone created this causes the kidney’s to not be able to regulate salts and would cause blood pressure and volume to drop. Due to the kidney’s inability to retain the salt and then excrete from the body the salt continues to flow through the blood. Therefore no salt is found in the
urine.
C: Since Adrenal Insufficiency is a lack of hormones produced in the body, a treatment that can fix this is the replacement or substitute of the hormones. This can be done by taking tablets or other forms of medication of the two hormones, cortisol and aldosterone. The purpose of this treatment is to maintain the hormones in the body and stop the symptoms from occurring. In many of the cases associated with Adrenal Insufficiency the treatment is life long.
Aminoaciduria: A protein metabolism disorder where excess amino acids are present in the urine. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatmentsof Aminoaciduria is available below.