Albert Einstein Immigration
Term PaperChoose a famous immigrant to America (One that is not in our readings) and Describe the following:
1. Where did they come from?
2. Why did they leave their native countries?
3. Why did they choose to come to the USA?
4. What did they accomplish in America?
5. What did they contribute to America?
The paper should be approximately 5 - 10 pages in length. Proper citations are required.
The term paper should be put into the Digital Drop Box and all papers sholud be done as .doc format.(Microsoft word)He was bold, wildly imaginative, and passionately curious. He chased beams of light and when gazing up at the heavens he imagined the curve of space and time . Albert Einstein redefined the basics of nature, the very essence of light,
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time, energy and gravity. His observations essentially transformed the way we look at the world and life itself.Einstein is known as a visionary physicist, and one of the most famous scientists of the 20th century, but he was also a blazing humanitarian and anti-war activist. Born a German Jew, Einstein later became a citizen of the United States. His famous position allowed his Voice to be heard on worldwide issues from pacifism to racism, anti-Semitism to nuclear disarmament. "My life is a simple thing that would interest no one Albert Einstein --- Quoted in The Tower, April 13, 1935he once claimed. But in fact, the opposite was true as everything he has ever written fascinated and transformed all those that read it . Einstein saw the world as a mystery, and he delighted in trying to unravel its riddles. All he needed to ponder the universe was his most precious scientific instrument—his imagination. | |
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March 1879.[8] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). There was something unique about Albert from the very beginning, as told by his younger sister Maja. "At his birth," she wrote, "his mother was shocked at the sight of the back of his head, which was extremely large and angular." Even as a small boy Albert Einstein was different, he was exceptionally independent and focused. According to family legend he was a slow talker, pausing to think what he would say. His sister remembered the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards.
Albert Einstein's lifelong passion for physics was sparked at the age of four or five when his father showed him a small compass.
Young Albert tried to imagine the mysterious force that caused the compass needle to move, and the experience awakened a sense of wonder that stayed with him for life. Understanding the universe became an "eternal riddle" for Einstein, a quest for scientific enlightenment. "The road to this paradise was not as comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise," he wrote, "but it has proved itself as trustworthy, and I have never regretted having chosen it."- www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/life/ Albert Einstein was a poor student and although he did not earn top grades in every subject, he excelled at math and science. "It is, in fact, nothing short of a miracle," he wrote, "that the modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry." Schilpp, 1970. p. 17. Being fiercely independent, even as a young boy, Albert had already developed a deep distrust of authority. He challenged not only his teachers but also long-standing mathematical and scientific "givens," such as ancient Greek rules of geometry and laws of physics established by other scientists. Ironically, Einstein's questioning and resulting breakthroughs eventually turned him into an authority
himself. Einstein began his formal education at a Catholic school in Munich, and although, his family moved to Italy to find business, he stayed at Munich to pursue his studies at Luitpold Gymnasium. Unfortunately, Einstein was unable to thrive under what he called a rigid atmosphere. At the age of 15, Einstein decided to educate himself. He wrote his first "science paper" at age 16, and at 26 in 1905, Albert had his "annus mirabilis," or miraculous year. This golden year was a great turning point in the young physicist's career; He received his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich, and wrote four groundbreaking articles that were published in the esteemed journal Annalen der Physik: In the first of these, titled "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Einstein theorized that light is made up of individual quanta (photons) that demonstrate particle-like properties while collectively behaving like a wave. The hypothesis, an important step in the development of quantum theory, was arrived at through Einstein's examination of the photoelectric effect, a phenomenon in which some solids emit electrically charged particles when struck by light. This work would later earn him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In the second paper, he devised a new method of counting and determining the size of the atoms and molecules in a given space, and in the third he offered a mathematical explanation for the constant erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid, known as Brownian motion. These two papers provided indisputable evidence of the existence of atoms, which at the time was still disputed by a few scientists.
Einstein's fourth groundbreaking scientific work of 1905 addressed what he termed his special theory of relativity. In special relativity, time and space are not absolute, but relative to the motion of the observer. Thus, two observers traveling at great speeds in regard to each other would not necessarily observe simultaneous events in time at the same moment, nor necessarily agree in their measurements of space. In Einstein's theory, the speed of light, which is the limiting speed of any body having mass, is constant in all frames of reference. In the fifth paper that year, an exploration of the mathematics of special relativity, Einstein announced that mass and energy were equivalent and could be calculated with an equation, E=mc2.
History.com/albert-einstein
The 26-year-old physicist understood the importance of his work, but even he was unable to predict the reactions of the scientific community. In 1901 he had written to his new wife, Mileva Marić, "I am now working very eagerly on electrodynamics of moving bodies, which promises to become a capital paper." Better acknowledged as the Special Theory of Relativity, that "capital paper" and three others incited passionate discussions in the scientific society; Albert Einstein was immediately viewed and accepted as a significant physicist.
Besides being an influential physicist, Einstein took a strong stance against the war as a result of his disgust towards militarism and their use of force. As a young child watching a German military parade in the 1880s with his parents, Albert became terrified by the almost mechanical movements of the soldiers who seemed to have no minds of their own. His parents had to promise their frightened son that he would never have to become a soldier. In October 1914, Einstein signed the Manifesto to Europeans to protest Germany's militarism and aggression in World War I. Some scholars consider this act to be Einstein's first public political statement. Einstein was one of only four people to sign the manifesto; most of his academic colleagues supported the war. Einstein denounced World War I and after the war became an outspoken pacifist. But the rise of Nazism and the horrifying events of World War II forced him to reconsider his anti-war position.
As the Nazi movement grew stronger, Einstein helped to organize a non-partisan group, within the Jewish community, that advocated a united stand against fascism. Hitler's climb to power, bringing official support of vicious anti-Semitism, was making the position of Jews and other opponents of Nazism impossible. Inevitably, Einstein’s fame and the great success of his theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity, branding it “Jewish physics” and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931. When asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat relativity one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.
In December 1933 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever .It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein’s picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a price on his head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression. To Einstein, pacifism was not an absolute concept but one that had to be re-examined depending on the magnitude of the threat.
Einstein longed for a place of freedom and equality. At the time he commented, "As long as I have any choice in the matter, I will live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance and equality of all citizens before the law are the rule." He became an American citizen seven years later in Trenton, NJ on October, 1st 1940. Einstein settled at the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J., which soon became a Mecca for physicists from around the world. Newspaper articles declared that the “pope of physics” had left Germany and that Princeton had become the new Vatican.
"Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein>. After immigrating to the U.S, Einstein indirectly became something he never intended to be, an advocate and developer of one of the greatest, and most dangerous weapons history has ever seen, the atomic bomb.
When three refugee physicists confided to Einstein that the Nazis might be developing a new weapon—an atomic bomb—he decided to act. Despite his previous appeals for governments to dispense with the weapons of war, Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 alerting him to "a new phenomenon [that] would...lead to the construction of bombs" and suggested that the United States accelerate its atomic weapons research program. Einstein signed the Manhattan Project and the U.S. effort to build the bomb began in 1941.
On August 9, 1945, to Einstein’s shock, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, three days after bombing Hiroshima. By the end of 1945, an estimated 200,000 people had died in the two cities.
Although he never worked directly on the atomic bomb, Einstein is often incorrectly associated with the advent of nuclear weapons. His famous equation E=mc2 explains the energy released in an atomic bomb but doesn't explain how to build one. He repeatedly reminded people, "I do not consider myself the father of the release of atomic energy. My part in it was quite indirect." The great physicist would live to regret his lobbying: "had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb”, He told Newsweek in 1947, “ I would have done nothing."
(The American Idea: The Best of the Atlantic Monthly By Robert Vare page 331)
Not long after World War II ended in 1945, new hostilities emerged between the United States and the Soviet Union. Known as the Cold War, this conflict began as a struggle for control over the conquered areas of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s and continued into the early 1990s. Initially, only the United States possessed atomic weapons, but in 1949 the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb and the arms race began. Both countries continued building more and bigger bombs. In 1952, the United States tested a new and more powerful weapon: the hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union followed with its version in 1953.
Einstein watched with growing dismay, as the two superpowers seemed to move closer and closer to nuclear war. Convinced that the only way to prevent the annihilation of humankind was to prevent all future wars, Einstein spoke out more fervently than ever in favor of international cooperation and disarmament.
In the last decade of his life, Einstein dedicated himself to the cause of nuclear disarmament. "The war is won," he said in December 1945, "but the peace is not." The development of the atomic bomb and the subsequent arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union ushered in a new conflict: the Cold War. Einstein feared this battle would end with the destruction of civilization. But Einstein never gave up his fight for peace. In the years between 1945 and 1955, Einstein was at his most active politically, frequently speaking and writing about his desire for peace through international cooperation and elimination of all nuclear weapons. Einstein was not alone in promoting these ideas—quite a number of leading scientists of the time shared his views—but international fame made Einstein one of the most effective representatives of the cause. Yet even Einstein could not reverse the political tide: the Cold War lasted for more than four decades. Einstein was driven by a dream. His purpose was to explain all physical phenomena—from the tiniest subatomic particles to the vast cosmos—all relative to the "Grand Unified Theory." Unfortunately, He wasn’t able to accomplish this in his lifetime. But Einstein's vision did not die with him; the search for the Grand Unified Theory is one of the principal topics focused on in science today. Einstein's work laid the foundation for much of the research into the evolution of the universe as well as modern technology, including lasers and computer chips. Einstein will forever inspire future generations of out of the box thinkers and great minds.
time, energy and gravity. His observations essentially transformed the way we look at the world and life itself.Einstein is known as a visionary physicist, and one of the most famous scientists of the 20th century, but he was also a blazing humanitarian and anti-war activist. Born a German Jew, Einstein later became a citizen of the United States. His famous position allowed his Voice to be heard on worldwide issues from pacifism to racism, anti-Semitism to nuclear disarmament. "My life is a simple thing that would interest no one Albert Einstein --- Quoted in The Tower, April 13, 1935he once claimed. But in fact, the opposite was true as everything he has ever written fascinated and transformed all those that read it . Einstein saw the world as a mystery, and he delighted in trying to unravel its riddles. All he needed to ponder the universe was his most precious scientific instrument—his imagination. | |
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March 1879.[8] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). There was something unique about Albert from the very beginning, as told by his younger sister Maja. "At his birth," she wrote, "his mother was shocked at the sight of the back of his head, which was extremely large and angular." Even as a small boy Albert Einstein was different, he was exceptionally independent and focused. According to family legend he was a slow talker, pausing to think what he would say. His sister remembered the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards.
Albert Einstein's lifelong passion for physics was sparked at the age of four or five when his father showed him a small compass.
Young Albert tried to imagine the mysterious force that caused the compass needle to move, and the experience awakened a sense of wonder that stayed with him for life. Understanding the universe became an "eternal riddle" for Einstein, a quest for scientific enlightenment. "The road to this paradise was not as comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise," he wrote, "but it has proved itself as trustworthy, and I have never regretted having chosen it."- www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/life/ Albert Einstein was a poor student and although he did not earn top grades in every subject, he excelled at math and science. "It is, in fact, nothing short of a miracle," he wrote, "that the modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry." Schilpp, 1970. p. 17. Being fiercely independent, even as a young boy, Albert had already developed a deep distrust of authority. He challenged not only his teachers but also long-standing mathematical and scientific "givens," such as ancient Greek rules of geometry and laws of physics established by other scientists. Ironically, Einstein's questioning and resulting breakthroughs eventually turned him into an authority
himself. Einstein began his formal education at a Catholic school in Munich, and although, his family moved to Italy to find business, he stayed at Munich to pursue his studies at Luitpold Gymnasium. Unfortunately, Einstein was unable to thrive under what he called a rigid atmosphere. At the age of 15, Einstein decided to educate himself. He wrote his first "science paper" at age 16, and at 26 in 1905, Albert had his "annus mirabilis," or miraculous year. This golden year was a great turning point in the young physicist's career; He received his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich, and wrote four groundbreaking articles that were published in the esteemed journal Annalen der Physik: In the first of these, titled "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Einstein theorized that light is made up of individual quanta (photons) that demonstrate particle-like properties while collectively behaving like a wave. The hypothesis, an important step in the development of quantum theory, was arrived at through Einstein's examination of the photoelectric effect, a phenomenon in which some solids emit electrically charged particles when struck by light. This work would later earn him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In the second paper, he devised a new method of counting and determining the size of the atoms and molecules in a given space, and in the third he offered a mathematical explanation for the constant erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid, known as Brownian motion. These two papers provided indisputable evidence of the existence of atoms, which at the time was still disputed by a few scientists.
Einstein's fourth groundbreaking scientific work of 1905 addressed what he termed his special theory of relativity. In special relativity, time and space are not absolute, but relative to the motion of the observer. Thus, two observers traveling at great speeds in regard to each other would not necessarily observe simultaneous events in time at the same moment, nor necessarily agree in their measurements of space. In Einstein's theory, the speed of light, which is the limiting speed of any body having mass, is constant in all frames of reference. In the fifth paper that year, an exploration of the mathematics of special relativity, Einstein announced that mass and energy were equivalent and could be calculated with an equation, E=mc2.
History.com/albert-einstein
The 26-year-old physicist understood the importance of his work, but even he was unable to predict the reactions of the scientific community. In 1901 he had written to his new wife, Mileva Marić, "I am now working very eagerly on electrodynamics of moving bodies, which promises to become a capital paper." Better acknowledged as the Special Theory of Relativity, that "capital paper" and three others incited passionate discussions in the scientific society; Albert Einstein was immediately viewed and accepted as a significant physicist.
Besides being an influential physicist, Einstein took a strong stance against the war as a result of his disgust towards militarism and their use of force. As a young child watching a German military parade in the 1880s with his parents, Albert became terrified by the almost mechanical movements of the soldiers who seemed to have no minds of their own. His parents had to promise their frightened son that he would never have to become a soldier. In October 1914, Einstein signed the Manifesto to Europeans to protest Germany's militarism and aggression in World War I. Some scholars consider this act to be Einstein's first public political statement. Einstein was one of only four people to sign the manifesto; most of his academic colleagues supported the war. Einstein denounced World War I and after the war became an outspoken pacifist. But the rise of Nazism and the horrifying events of World War II forced him to reconsider his anti-war position.
As the Nazi movement grew stronger, Einstein helped to organize a non-partisan group, within the Jewish community, that advocated a united stand against fascism. Hitler's climb to power, bringing official support of vicious anti-Semitism, was making the position of Jews and other opponents of Nazism impossible. Inevitably, Einstein’s fame and the great success of his theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity, branding it “Jewish physics” and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931. When asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists, Einstein replied that to defeat relativity one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.
In December 1933 Einstein decided to leave Germany forever .It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein’s picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a price on his head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression. To Einstein, pacifism was not an absolute concept but one that had to be re-examined depending on the magnitude of the threat.
Einstein longed for a place of freedom and equality. At the time he commented, "As long as I have any choice in the matter, I will live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance and equality of all citizens before the law are the rule." He became an American citizen seven years later in Trenton, NJ on October, 1st 1940. Einstein settled at the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J., which soon became a Mecca for physicists from around the world. Newspaper articles declared that the “pope of physics” had left Germany and that Princeton had become the new Vatican.
"Albert Einstein." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 23 Jun. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein>. After immigrating to the U.S, Einstein indirectly became something he never intended to be, an advocate and developer of one of the greatest, and most dangerous weapons history has ever seen, the atomic bomb.
When three refugee physicists confided to Einstein that the Nazis might be developing a new weapon—an atomic bomb—he decided to act. Despite his previous appeals for governments to dispense with the weapons of war, Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 alerting him to "a new phenomenon [that] would...lead to the construction of bombs" and suggested that the United States accelerate its atomic weapons research program. Einstein signed the Manhattan Project and the U.S. effort to build the bomb began in 1941.
On August 9, 1945, to Einstein’s shock, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, three days after bombing Hiroshima. By the end of 1945, an estimated 200,000 people had died in the two cities.
Although he never worked directly on the atomic bomb, Einstein is often incorrectly associated with the advent of nuclear weapons. His famous equation E=mc2 explains the energy released in an atomic bomb but doesn't explain how to build one. He repeatedly reminded people, "I do not consider myself the father of the release of atomic energy. My part in it was quite indirect." The great physicist would live to regret his lobbying: "had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb”, He told Newsweek in 1947, “ I would have done nothing."
(The American Idea: The Best of the Atlantic Monthly By Robert Vare page 331)
Not long after World War II ended in 1945, new hostilities emerged between the United States and the Soviet Union. Known as the Cold War, this conflict began as a struggle for control over the conquered areas of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s and continued into the early 1990s. Initially, only the United States possessed atomic weapons, but in 1949 the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb and the arms race began. Both countries continued building more and bigger bombs. In 1952, the United States tested a new and more powerful weapon: the hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union followed with its version in 1953.
Einstein watched with growing dismay, as the two superpowers seemed to move closer and closer to nuclear war. Convinced that the only way to prevent the annihilation of humankind was to prevent all future wars, Einstein spoke out more fervently than ever in favor of international cooperation and disarmament.
In the last decade of his life, Einstein dedicated himself to the cause of nuclear disarmament. "The war is won," he said in December 1945, "but the peace is not." The development of the atomic bomb and the subsequent arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union ushered in a new conflict: the Cold War. Einstein feared this battle would end with the destruction of civilization. But Einstein never gave up his fight for peace. In the years between 1945 and 1955, Einstein was at his most active politically, frequently speaking and writing about his desire for peace through international cooperation and elimination of all nuclear weapons. Einstein was not alone in promoting these ideas—quite a number of leading scientists of the time shared his views—but international fame made Einstein one of the most effective representatives of the cause. Yet even Einstein could not reverse the political tide: the Cold War lasted for more than four decades. Einstein was driven by a dream. His purpose was to explain all physical phenomena—from the tiniest subatomic particles to the vast cosmos—all relative to the "Grand Unified Theory." Unfortunately, He wasn’t able to accomplish this in his lifetime. But Einstein's vision did not die with him; the search for the Grand Unified Theory is one of the principal topics focused on in science today. Einstein's work laid the foundation for much of the research into the evolution of the universe as well as modern technology, including lasers and computer chips. Einstein will forever inspire future generations of out of the box thinkers and great minds.