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An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property

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An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property
American Economic Association

An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property Author(s): Stanley M. Besen and Leo J. Raskind Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 3-27 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942699 . Accessed: 24/11/2011 08:39
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Journal of Economic Perspectives- Volume Number1- Winter1991-Pages 3-27 5,

An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property
Stanley M. Besen and Leo J. Raskind

A

rticle I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution grants to the Congress the

power: "To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secur*ng for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writing and discoveries." Under this general grant, the Congress has enacted a number of statutes, including the Copyright Act [17 U.S.C.A. Sec. 101-810], the Patent Act [35 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1-376], and the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 [17 U.S.C.A. Sec. 901-914]. In addition, the federal government has enacted the Trademark Act of 1946 ("Lanham Act") as amended [15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1051-1127] and there is state law regulation of trade secrets and of misappropriation of other information. These six legal regimes constitute



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Mitchell, "Copyright Liability for Cable Television: Compulsory Licensing and the Coase Theorem," Journal of Law and Economics,1978, 21, 67-95. Braga, C. A., "The Economics of Intellectual Property Rights and the GATT," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 1989, 22, 243-264. Braunstein, Y. M., D. M. Fischer, J. A. Ordover, and W. J. Baumol, "Economics of Property Rights as Applied to Computer Software and Data Bases," United States Department of Commerce: PB-268 787, 1977. Breyer, S., "The Uneasy Case for Copyright: A Study of Copyright in Books, Photocopies, and Computer Programs," Harvard Law Review, 1970, 84, 281-351. Chisum, D., Patents. New York: Matthew Bender, 1989. Clapes, A. L., P. Lynch, and M. R Steinberg, "Silicon Epics and Binary Bards: Determining the Proper Scope of Copyright Protection For Computer Programs," UCLA Law Review, 1987, 34, 1493-1594. Dasgupta, P., and J. E. Stiglitz, "Industrial Structure and the Nature of Innovative Activity," Economic Journal, 1980, 90, 266-293. Dixit, A. K. and J. E. Stiglitz, "Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity," American Economic Review, 1977, 67, 297-308. Dreyfuss, R, "The Federal Circuit: A Case Study in Specialized Courts," N.Y.U. Law Review, 1989, 64, 1-77. Dreyfuss, R., "Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the Pepsi Generation," Notre Dame Law Review, 1990, 65, 397-424. Farrell, J., and G. Saloner, "Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation," RAND Journal of Economics,1985, 16, 70-83. Farrell, J., "Standardization and Intellectual Property," Jurinetrics, 1989, 30, 35-50. Folsom, R. H., and R. H. Teply, "Trademarked Generic Words," Yale Law Journal, 1980, 89, 1323-1359. Frase, R., "Comments on Hurt and Schuchman, The Economic Rationale of Copyright," AmericanEconomicReview, Papers and Proceedings, 1966, 56, 435-439. Gilbert, R., and C. Shapiro, "Optimal Patent Length and Breadth," RAND Journal of Economics, 1990, 21, 106-112. Goldstein, P., Copyright. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Gordon, W. J., "Fair Use As Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and Its Predecessors," Columbia Law Review, 1982, 82, 1600-1659. Grossman, S. J., and J. E. Stiglitz, "Information and Competitive Price Systems," American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings, May 1976, 66, 246-253. Hall, C. D., "Patents, Licensing, and Antitrust," ResearchIn Law & Economics,1986, 8, 59-86. Hardy, I. T., "An Economic Understanding of Copyright Law 's Work-Made-For-Hire Doctrine," Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts, 1988, 12, 181-227. Hughes, J., "The Philosophy of Intellectual Property," GeorgetownLauw Journal, 1988, 77, 287-366. Johnson, W. R., "The Economics of Copying," Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93, 158-174. Kaplow, L., "The Patent-Antitrust Intersection: A Reappraisal," Harvard Law Review, 1984, 97, 1813-1892. Katz, M. L., and C. Shapiro, "Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility," AmericanEconomicReview, 1985a, 75, 424-440. Katz, M. L., and C. Shapiro, "On the Licensing of Innovations," Rand Journal of Economics, 1985b, 16, 504-520. Kitch, E. W., "The Nature And Function Of The Patent System," Journal of Law1 & Eco- Introductionto the Law and Economicsof IntellectualProperty 27 nomics, 1977, 20, 265-290. Kitch, E. W., "The Law and Economics of Rights In Valuable Information," Journal of Legal Studies, 1980, 9, 683-724. Kitch, E. W., "Patents: Monopolies Or Property Rights?" Research In Law & Economics, 1986, 8, 31-49. Klemperer, P., "How Broad Should the Scope of Patent Protection Be?" RAND Journal of Economics, 1990, 21, 113-130. Landes, W. M., and R. A. Posner, "Trademark Law: An Economic Perspective," Journal of Law & Economics, 1987, 30, 265-309. Landes, W. M., and R. A. Posner, "An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law," Journal of Legal Studies, 1989, 18, 325-366. Lefton, T., "IBM, Unisys Reduce Fees for Modem Compression," Electronic News, January 1990, p. 1. Liebowitz, S. J., "Copying and Indirect Appropriability: Photocopying of Journals," Journal of Political Economy,1985, 93, 945-957. Loury, G. C., "Market Structure and Innovation, QuarterlyJournal of Economics, 1979, 93, 395-410. and Unfair ComMcCarthy, J. T., Trademarks petition, second edition. San Francisco: Lawyers ' Co-Operative Publishing Co., 1984. McFetridge, D. G., and M. Rafiquzzaman, "The Scope And Duration Of The Patent Right And The Nature Of Research Rivalry," ResearchIn Law & Economics, 1986, 8, 9 1-120. Menell, P., "An Analysis Of The Scope Of Copyright Protection For Application Programs," Stanford Law Review, 1989, 41, 1045-1104. Milgrim, R. M., On Trade Secrets.New York: Matthew Bender, 1989. Miller, E., "Antitrust Restrictions On Trade Secret Licensing: A Legal Review and EcoProblems, nomic Analysis," Law & Contemporary 1989, 52, 183-209. Mossinghoff, G. J., "The Importance of Intellectual Property Protection in International Trade," Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 1984, 7, 235-249. Nimmer, M., and D. Nimmer, On Copyright. New York: Matthew Bender, 1989. Nordhaus, W. D., Invention, Growth, and Welfare, A TheoreticalTreatmentof Technological Change. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969. Novos, I. E., and M. Waldman, "The Effects of Increased Copyright Protection: An Analytical Approach," Journal of Political Economy, 1984, 92, 236-246. Ordover, J. A., and R. D. Willig, "On the Optimal Provisions of Journals qua Sometimes Shared Goods," American Economic Review, 1978, 68, 324-339. Plant, A., "The Economic Aspects of Copyright In Books," Economica, May 1934a, 1, 167-195. Plant, A., "The Economic Theory Concerning Patents for Inventions," Economica, February 1934b, 1, 67-95. Raskind, L. J., "A Functional Interpretation Of Fair Use," Journal Of The CopyrightSociety, 1984, 31, 601-639. Raskind, L. J., "Reverse Engineering, Unfair Competition, and Fair Use," University of Minnesota Law Review, 1985, 70, 385-415. Raskind, L. J., "The Continuing Process of Refining and Adapting Copyright Principles," Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts, 1990. Raskind, L. J., "The Misappropriation Doctrine As A Competitive Norm of Intellectual Property Law," Universityof Minnesota Law Review, 1991, 75. Risberg, R., "Five Years Without Infringement Litigation Under the Semiconductor Chip Act: Unmasking The Spectre of Chip Piracy In An Era of Diverse and Incompatible Process Technologies," WisconsinLaw Review, 1990, 241-277. Senate Report No. 425, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., 1984, p. 21. Spence, M., "Product Selection, Fixed Costs, and Monopolistic Competition," Review of Economic Studies, 1976, 43, 217-235. Stern, R. H., and J. Hoffman, "Public Injury and the Public Interest: Secondary Meaning in the Law of Unfair Competition," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1962, 110, 935-971. Stern, R. H., "Section 117 of the Copyright Act: Charter of Software User 's Rights or an Illusory Promise?" WesternNew England Law Review, 1985, 7, 459-485. Stern, R. H., SemiconductorChip Protection. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1986. Sumner, J. P., and S. W. Lundberg, "Patentable Computer Program Features As Uncopyrightable Subject Matter," American Intellectual Property Law Association Law Quarterly, 1989, 17, 238-255. Wheaton, J. J., "Generic Competition and Pharmaceutical Innovation: The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984," Catholic UniversityLaw Review, 1986, 35, 433-487.

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