Chapter 13 covers Europe’s social and political order from 1600-1715. In the early century, inflation was such that prices were four times what they had been between 1525 and 1550. Three great powers contested for dominance – the Ottoman Empire, the Spanish Empire, and France, under Louis XIV and Richelieu. Each had a mass of about 17 million people. In spite of the presence of these great monarchies, there were still areas all over Europe from southern Italy to Scandinavia and from Scotland to Auvergne where primitive social enclaves persisted, with hundreds of dialects and local, semi barbaric, religious cults. Attempted control of these numerous pockets sapped the resources of the great powers, similar to the drain on the Roman Empire when it was ringed with…
Analyze the changes in the European economy from about 1450 to 1700 brought about by the voyages of exploration and colonization.…
After times of famine, war and economic dislocation, poverty increased with close to 80 percent of a region’s population was faced with possible starvation each day while almost 50 percent of Europe’s population were living on the subsistence level, barely having enough food and shelter to survive. The attitudes of those in the middle class and the more elite ranged from pity to distaste, proposing different solutions like punishing the poor, regulating them, or giving them help out of sympathy.…
On behalf of Reginald, a monk of Durham (Document 3) it was stated that people ought to spread wealth and goods, one shall not maintain high riches, for they should instead, furnish for charity-give rather than receive. Reginald, lettering on behalf of his colleague St. Godric, says that in order to serve the Lord and Jesus Christ, one ought to give up all possessions, lead a more simple life and give to those less-fortunate. Thomas Aquinas, a leading Scholastic theologian (Document 4) states that people shall not “sell what is not his, and though he may charge for the loss of his suffers.” He states that people of the earth and of God shunt sell things for more than they are worth, which is exactly the activity merchants practice, for they need to make profit by raising the price on what they paid for merchandise. A similar phenomenon was occurring in the Islamic religion during this era. Ibn Khaldun, a leading Muslim scholar in the fourteenth century, announced that men shouldn’t pay more for what an item is worth and that they shunt raise prices of goods for people, just so merchants can bathe in higher riches (Document 5).…
The Poor Law was the way that the poor were supported in 1815. Each parish had to take care of its own poor and provide money to cover the basic costs of living for those who couldn’t. However, the cost of the Poor Law was increasing every year and many criticisms were found raising ideas of whether the poor law was helpful or not.…
In Peter Singer’s article “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” there are a few items that require further discussion. Peter Singer critiques our ordinary ways of thinking and in spite, very few people have accepted his conclusions. I will discuss Peter Singer’s goal and his presented argument in relation to this issue. In return, I will also mention the three counter-arguments to his position and the responses made by Singer. It is important to define Singer’s concept of marginal utility and to show the relation to his argument. We will need to compare how the ideas of duty and charity change in Singer’s proposed world. Finally, in conclusion my own personal response will be made to Singer’s argument either supporting his position, going against his position, or simply in the middle of his position. To begin one must truly understand the definition of an argument in the terms of philosophy. “For philosophers, then, the term "argument" doesn 't imply the idea it often does when we use the term to suggest anger, emotion, and hurt feelings. Rather, in this context, arguments simply present a conclusion and suggest why certain reasons indicate that conclusion is true, or probable” (Mosser K, 2010).…
Near 50% of the population in Europe lived at a subsistence level. Due to this there were many different attitudes towards the poor in Europe from 1450-1700. Many people will have different attitudes but I will narrow it down to the Royals who tend to have negative attitudes, the Church authorities who have positive attitudes and the common folk, and show their views and responses.…
“Under the impression that they scarcely furnish Christian cheer of mind or body to the multitude,” returned the gentle man, “a few of us are endeavoring to raise a fund to buy the poor some meat and drink, and means of warmth. We choose this time, because it is a time, of all other, when Want is keenly felt, and Abundance rejoices. What shall I put you down…
During this time period many Europeans held negative attitudes toward helping the poor due to the idle and lazy who go around begging as if they are poor. Emperor Charles V in a royal decree wrote how indiscriminately giving alms will result in idleness which is the root of all evils (Document 4). Emperor Charles V has the POV of an emperor who sees that the idle are mooching off of his people and are taking away money from those who really are poor and can’t find jobs. He believes that these idle people left their occupations and have began to beg and sell their daughters to vice instead of going into honest work because they see how easy it is to beg for money. In France, the town council of Rouen had so much distaste for the idle that they were planning to expel them from the city due to their harmfulness to the general public (Document 5). The council of Rouen’s POV is that of the leaders of the town that see the idle are hurting the honest laborers who actually work for their money and don’t go around begging for money while actually having the ability to do work because the idles are taking advantage of the honest worker’s kindness. Cardinal Richelieu who was a royal councilor is unofficially stated as saying that he believed that due to the vagabonds begging for alms, they are taking bread from the deserving poor and he believes that rules should be established which would confine and feed the poor and make the able bodied do public works (Document 8). The of POV of Cardinal Richelieu is that of a high church official who sees the idle are taking from the deserving poor and that the government needs to find…
Rural poverty for peasants in the British Isles was key in them hoping for a new start in the New World. In early England, more than half of the population were in poverty. The increase in inflation proposed new issues for these people that they were not dealing with before. The prices of goods were continuously rising, making it more difficult for peasants to live in their daily lives. During the 17th century, there was a rise in peasants settling in American colonies because of the weak economy during this time. It is understandable that these peasants would risk their lives to hope for better economic opportunity in the American colonies.…
The lower class wanted what the upper class got with ease. “These tensions permeated the boundaries of class, gender, ethnicity, and religion. The interaction between rural and urban classes led to the establishment of new political organizations and laws designed to balance the needs of competing classes.” The previously shown quote expresses that even slight changes can cause a person to overcome with an extreme sense of greed. Then the other article A Distant Mirror, there are cases of greedy habits expressed heavily. “[In the fourteenth century]money could buy any kind of dispensation: to legitimize children, of which the majority were those of priests and prelates.” Back in these times, it was ok to give money to legitimize children and have it called a “pardon”. The people collecting the money don’t really care about the child, they only do it for their own gain, just like The Pardoner in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales.…
Religious believers should show compassion as the Bible teaches them to “do unto others as you would do unto yourself”, which means that you should help the poor to have good wealth, just as we have good wealth. In the parable of the Sheep and the Goats, we are told that God shall judge us when we die, sending us to Heaven if we help the poor or sending us to Hell if we don’t. There’s also a quote in Timothy that says, “People who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires that plunge men into ruin and destruction”, meaning that we shouldn’t value our money over others, and we should share it out with the poor.…
Going back to the colonial days, there was considerable concern about poor families and how they would be cared for. But it was English policies, brought to America by the expatriate colonists, that set the stage for the approach to what were basically “child welfare” issues. In England, the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 was the most influential of the British approaches to dealing with the poor. The Elizabethan Poor Law directed parents to accept responsibility for the support of their children. Furthermore, the Elizabethan Poor Law not only held parents, particularly fathers, liable for supporting their children, but also contained a belief that child poverty resulted from the moral failings of parents (Grossberg, 2002). There were also three aspects of the influence of Elizabethan Poor Law that colonists carried with them to the New World. One was a belief that poor families were a local problem. Second, the notion that families had responsibility for supporting their children. And, three, that there was a distinction between the deserving poor and the undeserving poor, and this distinction had to do with ideas of work, gender, and age (Grossberg, 2002). Colonists felt better about contributing funds to help the deserving poor; they were less willing to help the undeserving…
Andrew Carnegie indicated, “In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; to give those who desire to use the aids by which they may rise; to assist, but rarely or never to do all” (Carnegie). He did not believe that alms giving provided value. While I understand the intent that Carnegie had, I do not believe it fits every situation.…
The lower class and outcasts addressed the upper class with deference due to wealth and power, but the rich didn’t address the needy with deference, instead they saw them as inferior since they were subordinate. Jesus however, did not view this as acceptable to society, so he aided the poor and the outcasts and viewed them as equal, to break down social barriers. For example, a Samaritan woman came to draw water at a well in Sychar, when Jesus approached her asking for a drink of water, “When a Samaritan woman came to draw water, Jesus said to her, ‘Will you give me a drink?’” (John 4:7). This was uncommon in Jesus’s time since Jews were not allowed to associate with Samaritans since, “In 2 Kings 17:23-34, we are told that the Jews never came back to Samaria” (What’s Wrong With…