Anatomy

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts is called: Anatomy

Know the difference between what is Physiology compared to Anatomy. Think Form and Function.
Anatomy:the science of the structure of living organisms
Physiology: The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body: Atom,molecuels,organells,cells,Zygote,tissues organs.

The organ systems and what they include:

The system that regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood is the: Urinary System the science of the structure of living organisms
Hematopoeisis is the function of the:
Skeletal System

Homeostasis in the human body is controlled primarily by which two organ systems:
Nervous and endocrine systems

Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the:
Excretory system

1. Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system:
A) receptor, stimulus, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response
B) receptor, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response
C) effector, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, receptor, response
D) stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response
E) stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector, response

Negative feedback systems: Know examples we used and look in the book.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS- push a system back to its original equilibrium position

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS– push a system to a new state of equilibrium shivering

Anatomical position: The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the side and the palms facing forward

Know the terms for orientation and directional terms. (in humans):

Priximal
Distal
Inferior
Superior

2. Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings (in humans):
A) superficial and proximal
B) superficial and deep
C) medial and distal
D) lateral and distal
E) posterior and intermediate

3. Which of the following is a dorsal body landmark:
A) scapular region
B) sternal region
C) thoracic region
D) patellar region
E) pubic region

Describing the relationship of the lungs to the heart:
The lungs are lateral to the heart

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts is called:
Sagittal

The plasma membrane:
A microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole

The site where ribosomes assemble prior to their migration into the cytoplasm is the: nucleolus The primary lipids found in the cell membrane are:
Sphingolipids and glycolipid

The molecules in the cell- membrane that serve as receptors or binding sites for hormones or other chemical messengers are the:
Enzymes
Know the function of a plasma membrane protein:

Microvilli are apt to be found in cells that are specialized for:

All of the following are found in the nucleus except:

Which of the following cellular structures function in detoxifying a number of harmful or poisonous substances, such as alcohol and formaldehyde:

Two types of passive transport are:

Cholesterol is used in the cell membrane to:

Two types of endocytosis are:

Know Osmosis:
The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrat...
The process of gradual or unconscious assimilation of ideas, knowledge,

Know processes that require the use of carrier molecules: active transport
4. A red blood cell placed in pure water would:
A) shrink
B) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
C) shrink initially, then swell as equilibrium is reached
D) neither shrink nor swell
E) swell and burst

Know where Goblet cells are found: especially in the intestinal and respiratory tracts
Epithelium.
Identify all connective tissues: WEBSITE!!

The tissue that is found lining body organs, covering the body surface, and in glandular tissue is:
Simple Squamous Eithelium

Intercalated disks are found in: between cardiac muscle fibers in the heart

The categories of epithelial tissue membranes: mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes
Serous : type of membrane contains fluid between the visceral and perietal layers
Mucous:
Cutaneous:

Know what Epithelial tissues make up. the skin

Know the location ofMucous membranes.common locations are hollow organs of the respitory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tract

Identify vital functions of the skin: it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is: keratin

Know which tissues are vascular and avascular. Epithelial all vascular.

5. Which of the following is the correct sequence in layers of the epidermis going from outermost to innermost layer:
A) stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum germinativum
B) stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum
C) stratum germinativum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum
D) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum
E) stratum corneum, stratum germinativum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum

The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is somewhat protective due to: Increased production of melanin that helps to block UV light

6. Melanocytes are found in the:
A) stratum spinosum
B) stratum lucidum
C) stratum corneum
D) stratum basale
E) stratum granulosum

Know the components of the dermis:
Sweat and oil Glands
Blood Vessels
Receptors
Dermal Papallia

Sebaceous glands produce the oil in the skin, which keeps it from drying out. The oil from the sebaceous glands also helps to soften hair and kill bacteria that get in the skin’s pores. These oil glands are all over the body, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
The papillary layer of the dermis has structures called: dermal papillae. and blood vessels
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system: control blood sugar
It does give shape and support storage of calcium and phosphorus protection for internal organs

Know the Shapes of bones and examples.
Long: Long bones" are longer than they are wide,
i.e. length > diameter. Humerus.radius,ulna,tibia,femur

Short: Short bones" can be approximately cube-shaped,
i.e. length is similar to width/depth/diameter. The most obvious examples are the carpal bones (of the hands/wrists) and the tarsal bones (of the feet/ankles).

Flat: "Flat bones" have a thin shape and, in some cases, provide mechanical protection to soft tissues beneath or enclosed by the flat bone e.g. cranial bones that protect the brain.

Sesmoid: "Sesamoid bones" develop in some tendons in locations where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress. Most sesamoid bones are un-named.

Irregualar: "Irregular bones" have complicated shapes that cannot be classified as "long", "short" or "flat". Their shapes are due to the functions they fulfill within the body e.g. providing major mechanical support for the body yet also protecting the spinal cord (in the case of the vertebrae).

7.The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called:
A) Volkmann's canals
B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
C) Sharpey's fibers
D) endochondral bone
E) articular cartilage

Red bone marrow functions to produce blood cells whereas yellow bone marrow functions to store fat tissue,

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates what?:
The presence of a plate indicates that the bone is still growing. once the bone is done growing the plates will fuse and form an epiphyseal line.

Charteristics of Compact and Spongy bone.
Spongy :internal to compact bone, a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae in epiphysis

Compact: smooth and solid outer layer of every bone- diaphysis

Bone Markings and their characteristics and examples. Table 5.1

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains: small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve need of the osteons cells
The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:
Lacunae

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo:
Hyaline Cartilage

The process of long bone growth is controlled by hematopoises osteoblasts , whereas bone remodeling is controlled by osteoclasts.

Know the various types of fractures:
Simple: Bone is broken clearly and ends don't penetrate the skin

Compression:Bone is crushed,common in vertebral column.

Greenstick: Break common in children-bone does not break completly through

Closed reduction: Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone splinters but break is complete.

Compound: bone breaks completly and penetrates skin.

Depressed: bone is forced inwards,skull

Spiral: A result of a teisting force.

Open reduction: Surgical realignment of broken bone ends.

The difference b/t Axial and Appendicular skeleton.
Axial: skull and vertbra
Appendicular: hands and feet

Know the sutures of the skull. lamboid coronal sagittal squamous

Know which skull bones are paired. frontal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.

The foramen magnum passes through what bone?:
Occipital Bone

The hyoid bone is unique because: it does not articulate with any other bone in the human body or is attached to any other bone.

The five regions of the vertebral column, from superior to inferior, are: cervical,thoracic, lumbar,Sacral,and Coccyx

Vetebral formula.
Cervical=7
Thoracic=12
Lumbar= 5

Only the ________ has an odontoid process. axis,vertebra The greater tubercle is located on the:
Humerus

The major portion of the coxal bone is the:
Sacrum

The two largest foot bones are the: calcaneus and the talus

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) A

2) D

3) A

4) B

5) E

6) B

7) E

8) B

9) D

10) C

11) B

12) D

13) B

14) A

15) D

16) A

17) B

18) C

19) E

20) B

21) B

22) C

23) D

24) C

25) C

26) B

27) D

28) D

29) A

30) E

31) B

32) D

33) A

34) A

35) E

36) B

37) A

38) B

39) C

40) A

41) E

42) B

43) E

44) D

45) A

46) D

47) D

48) D

49) A

50) D

51) D

52) D

53) E

54) C

55) B

56) E

57) B

58) E

59) D

60) A

61) D

62) A

63) D

64) D

65) C

66) C

67) C

68) C

69) C

70) C

71) A

72) D

73) E

74) D

75) B

76) C

77) E