Anatomy and Physiology
BIO 157
Anatomy & Physiology I
Instructor: Dr. Philip Wahr pwahr@monroeccc.edu Office: L117
Levels of Organization
Chemical
Increasing complexity
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Definitions
Anatomy: Structure
How do structures relate to each other?
-Surface anatomy
-Regional anatomy
-Systemic anatomy
-Comparative anatomy
-Developmental anatomy/embryology
-Microscopic anatomy
-cytology
-histology
Definitions
Physiology: Function
-Cell physiology
-Organ physiology
-Systemic physiology
-Pathology
Homeostasis: The tendency to maintain constant, favorable internal conditions
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain favorable internal body conditions within a narrow range despite changes in the internal or external environment.
Is a dynamic process to detect and correct changes in the body The set point is the ‘normal’ value of a controlled variable.
Utilizes feedback mechanisms to keep the controlled variable near the set point
Many different homeostatic mechanisms take place simultaneously Homeostasis
Feedback loops
Controlled condition
Effector
Sensor
(receptor)
Control center
Feedback loops
Negative feedback: changes in a variable lead to changes that oppose the initial change
Most common type of feedback
Prevents uncontrolled or exploding changes from the set point
Self-limiting
Example of negative feedback
Feedback loops
Positive feedback: changes in a variable lead to changes that increase the initial change
Leads to large, ‘explosive’ changes in the variable
Much less common
Require an external mechanism to stop
Examples: childbirth blood clotting
Organ Systems
Integumentary
-skin
-protection
Muscular
-skeletal muscles
-movement
(see fig. 1-1)
Skeletal
-bones
-support
Nervous
-CNS
-PNS
-communication
Organ Systems
Endocrine
-glands
-hormones
Lymphatic
-lymphatics
-fluid drainage
-immunity
Cardiovascular
-heart and blood vessels
-circulation
Respiratory
-lungs
-airways
-gas exchange
Organ
Anatomy & Physiology I
Instructor: Dr. Philip Wahr pwahr@monroeccc.edu Office: L117
Levels of Organization
Chemical
Increasing complexity
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Definitions
Anatomy: Structure
How do structures relate to each other?
-Surface anatomy
-Regional anatomy
-Systemic anatomy
-Comparative anatomy
-Developmental anatomy/embryology
-Microscopic anatomy
-cytology
-histology
Definitions
Physiology: Function
-Cell physiology
-Organ physiology
-Systemic physiology
-Pathology
Homeostasis: The tendency to maintain constant, favorable internal conditions
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain favorable internal body conditions within a narrow range despite changes in the internal or external environment.
Is a dynamic process to detect and correct changes in the body The set point is the ‘normal’ value of a controlled variable.
Utilizes feedback mechanisms to keep the controlled variable near the set point
Many different homeostatic mechanisms take place simultaneously Homeostasis
Feedback loops
Controlled condition
Effector
Sensor
(receptor)
Control center
Feedback loops
Negative feedback: changes in a variable lead to changes that oppose the initial change
Most common type of feedback
Prevents uncontrolled or exploding changes from the set point
Self-limiting
Example of negative feedback
Feedback loops
Positive feedback: changes in a variable lead to changes that increase the initial change
Leads to large, ‘explosive’ changes in the variable
Much less common
Require an external mechanism to stop
Examples: childbirth blood clotting
Organ Systems
Integumentary
-skin
-protection
Muscular
-skeletal muscles
-movement
(see fig. 1-1)
Skeletal
-bones
-support
Nervous
-CNS
-PNS
-communication
Organ Systems
Endocrine
-glands
-hormones
Lymphatic
-lymphatics
-fluid drainage
-immunity
Cardiovascular
-heart and blood vessels
-circulation
Respiratory
-lungs
-airways
-gas exchange
Organ