Animal Cell Culture
INTRODUCTION
An important aspect of any biotechnological processes is the culture of animal cells in artificial media. These animal cells in culture are used in recombinant DNA technology, genetic manipulations and in a variety of industrial processes. Now-a -days it has become possible to use the cell and tissue culture in the areas of research which have a potential for economic value and commercialization. The animal cell cultures are being extensively used in production of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, pharmaceutical drugs, cancer research, genetic manipulations etc.
Animal cells e.g. egg cells are used for multiplication of superior livestock using a variety of techniques like cloning of superior embryonic cells, transformation of cultured cells leading to the production of transgenic animals. The animal cells are also used in vitro fertilization and transfer of embryos to surrogate mothers. Hence the establishment and maintenance of a proper animal culture is the first step towards using them as tools for biotechnology.
HISTORY OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE |
It was Jolly, who (1903) showed for the first time that the cells can survive and divide in vitro. Ross Harrison, (1907) was able to show the development of nerve fibres from frog embryo tissue, cultured in a blood clot. Later, Alexis Carriel (1912) used tissue and embryo extracts as cultural media to keep the fragments of chick embryo heart alive.
In the late 1940s, Enders, Weller and Robbins grew poliomyelitis virus in culture which paved way for testing many chemicals and antibiotics that affect multiplication of virus in living host cells. The significance of animal cell culture was increased when viruses were used to produce vaccines on animal cell cultures in late 1940s.
For about 50 years, mainly tissue explants rather than cells were used for culture techniques, although later after 1950s, mainly dispersed cells in culture were utilized. In 1966, Alec Issacs discovered Interferon by
An important aspect of any biotechnological processes is the culture of animal cells in artificial media. These animal cells in culture are used in recombinant DNA technology, genetic manipulations and in a variety of industrial processes. Now-a -days it has become possible to use the cell and tissue culture in the areas of research which have a potential for economic value and commercialization. The animal cell cultures are being extensively used in production of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, pharmaceutical drugs, cancer research, genetic manipulations etc.
Animal cells e.g. egg cells are used for multiplication of superior livestock using a variety of techniques like cloning of superior embryonic cells, transformation of cultured cells leading to the production of transgenic animals. The animal cells are also used in vitro fertilization and transfer of embryos to surrogate mothers. Hence the establishment and maintenance of a proper animal culture is the first step towards using them as tools for biotechnology.
HISTORY OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE |
It was Jolly, who (1903) showed for the first time that the cells can survive and divide in vitro. Ross Harrison, (1907) was able to show the development of nerve fibres from frog embryo tissue, cultured in a blood clot. Later, Alexis Carriel (1912) used tissue and embryo extracts as cultural media to keep the fragments of chick embryo heart alive.
In the late 1940s, Enders, Weller and Robbins grew poliomyelitis virus in culture which paved way for testing many chemicals and antibiotics that affect multiplication of virus in living host cells. The significance of animal cell culture was increased when viruses were used to produce vaccines on animal cell cultures in late 1940s.
For about 50 years, mainly tissue explants rather than cells were used for culture techniques, although later after 1950s, mainly dispersed cells in culture were utilized. In 1966, Alec Issacs discovered Interferon by