Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance
In recent years a challenge to the effective treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by microbes is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR results in reduced effectiveness of antibiotics, making the treatment of patients very difficult and sometimes impossible. The impact on especially susceptible patients is most evident, resulting in prolonged illness and increased mortality. The total problem caused by AMR on medical field in general and healthcare sector in particular is to be seen in coming years.
The development of resistance is a natural process in microorganisms, and is increased by various factors like use and misuse of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals. The inadequate availability of …show more content…
It is assessed that 70 - 80% the antibiotics prescribed by the doctors are unnecessary. For many of the viral diseases antimicrobiotics are used indiscriminately. Reasons for over prescribing are often lack of confidence, social pressure, patient pressure and pharmaceutical company pressure. Drug abuse is an important factor for resistance. Lack of proper diagnosis is another major reason for developing resistance. Non availability of a well-equipped diagnostic laboratory insists the doctor to prescribe antibiotics non-specifically, thus, which increases the usage of wrong antibiotic. Further, huge availability of over-the-counter antibiotics also contributes to drug resistance.
Media has its own contribution to the development of resistance. Patients are influenced by advertisements which of they read or watch which further increses the demand for that antibiotic. Improper doses and under doses of combination of drugs leads to the development of multi drug resistance. Unreasonable use of antibiotics is widespread throughout the world. This leads to many adverse conditions like increase in prices, adverse drug reactions, drug efficacy failure …show more content…
Some important examples include penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of resistance to drugs commonly used to treat P. falciparum malaria is of particular concern, as is the emerging resistance to antiretroviral drugs.
The mechanism of bacterial resistance to an antimicrobial agent falls under three major categories.
1. The drug does not reach its target
Ex. Mutation or loss of protein channels through which an antibiotic enters the cell in Gram negative bacteria, which effectively reduces the drug reach to the target site.
Mutation interfering with the cell transport system for the drug requiring active transport. e.g. aminoglycosides.
Bacteria can also transport antimicrobial drugs out of the cell through efflux pumps. Resistance to numerous drugs, including fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and beta lactam antibiotics, is mediated by this
In recent years a challenge to the effective treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by microbes is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR results in reduced effectiveness of antibiotics, making the treatment of patients very difficult and sometimes impossible. The impact on especially susceptible patients is most evident, resulting in prolonged illness and increased mortality. The total problem caused by AMR on medical field in general and healthcare sector in particular is to be seen in coming years.
The development of resistance is a natural process in microorganisms, and is increased by various factors like use and misuse of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals. The inadequate availability of …show more content…
It is assessed that 70 - 80% the antibiotics prescribed by the doctors are unnecessary. For many of the viral diseases antimicrobiotics are used indiscriminately. Reasons for over prescribing are often lack of confidence, social pressure, patient pressure and pharmaceutical company pressure. Drug abuse is an important factor for resistance. Lack of proper diagnosis is another major reason for developing resistance. Non availability of a well-equipped diagnostic laboratory insists the doctor to prescribe antibiotics non-specifically, thus, which increases the usage of wrong antibiotic. Further, huge availability of over-the-counter antibiotics also contributes to drug resistance.
Media has its own contribution to the development of resistance. Patients are influenced by advertisements which of they read or watch which further increses the demand for that antibiotic. Improper doses and under doses of combination of drugs leads to the development of multi drug resistance. Unreasonable use of antibiotics is widespread throughout the world. This leads to many adverse conditions like increase in prices, adverse drug reactions, drug efficacy failure …show more content…
Some important examples include penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of resistance to drugs commonly used to treat P. falciparum malaria is of particular concern, as is the emerging resistance to antiretroviral drugs.
The mechanism of bacterial resistance to an antimicrobial agent falls under three major categories.
1. The drug does not reach its target
Ex. Mutation or loss of protein channels through which an antibiotic enters the cell in Gram negative bacteria, which effectively reduces the drug reach to the target site.
Mutation interfering with the cell transport system for the drug requiring active transport. e.g. aminoglycosides.
Bacteria can also transport antimicrobial drugs out of the cell through efflux pumps. Resistance to numerous drugs, including fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and beta lactam antibiotics, is mediated by this