Antimicrobial Activity Of Jasminum Grandiflorum Leaves Lab Report

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antimicrobial activity of jasminum grandiflorum leaves INTRODUTION
1.1. The pancreas and insulin formation
The pancreas is an elongated organ situated next to the first part of the small intestine. It is both an endocrine gland that produces hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, and an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin (Martini, 2004). It is located behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum (see Figure 2). It contains a group of cells called the islets of Langerhans, in which the beta cells secrete insulin and the alpha cells secrete glucagon. The islets have a rich blood supply supplying both the exocrine and the endocrine portions of the pancreas
Additionally, they are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, which play an important role in the secretion of insulin.
1.2. Diabetes :
Diabetes, often referred to as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both1. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia). The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin (insulin resistance).
Bear receptors and proteins of sensory transduction system Substances acting on cell membrane:
?Detergents that contain lipophilic and hydrophilic groups disrupt cytoplasmic membranes
? Antibiotics such as Polymyxin B and Gramicidin selectively damages membrane
? Ionophores (E.g. Valinomycin) are compounds that permit rapid diffusion of cations through the membrane.
?Chemical agents such as alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm or protoplasm is the portion of the cell that lies within the cytoplasmic membrane. It is gel-like in consistency and includes the procaryotic chromosome and ribosomes. Constituents of cytoplasm include proteins (including enzymes), vitamins, ions, nucleic acids and their precursors, amino acids and their precursors, carbohydrates and their derivatives, fatty acids and their derivatives. The cytoplasm does not exhibit any internal mobility (cytoplasmic streaming). The cytoplasm also lacks organelles such as mitochondria, golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasm stains uniformly in young cultures. Recent studies suggest that some bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) possess cytoskeleton.