AP EURO Chapter 15 Study Guide
Chapter 15 Study Guide: The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion
1. What caused the Revolt in The Netherlands?
The Revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1587)
By 1560s, Calvinism spread and appealed to the middle classes because of its intellectual seriousness, moral gravity, and emphasis on any form of labor well done
Calvinism took deep root among the merchants and financiers in the northern provinces and working-class people also converted partly to please their employers
In 1559, Philip II appointed his half-sister Margaret as regent of the Netherlands who introduced the Inquisition to combat Calvinism and raised taxes
In August 1566, Calvinists rampaged through the Low Countries aimed attacks at religious images and destroyed churches as well as burning irreplaceable libraries
Philip II sent twenty thousand Spanish troops under the duke of Alva, opened his own tribunal (“Council of Blood”), Alva resolved the financial crisis by levying a 10 % sales tax on every transaction, and civil war raged between 1568 and 1578
In 1576, the seventeen provinces united under the leadership of Prince William of Orange (“the Silent”) and in 1578 Philip II sent his nephew Alexander Farnese
The ten southern provinces the Spanish were able to control became Belgium and the seven northern provinces, led by Holland, formed the Union of Utrecht and in 1581, declared their independence from Spain (United Provinces of the Netherlands)
Spain repeatedly invaded the United Provinces who repeatedly asked the Protestant queen of England, Elizabeth, for assistance and three developments forced her hand
2. Why were the woman tried as witches?
The Great European Witch-Hunt
Witches were thought to be individuals who could mysteriously injure other people or animals (old women who made travels on broomsticks to sabbats or assemblies)
Since the pacts with the devil meant the renunciation of God, witchcraft was considered heresy and persecution reached its peak in the late 16th and 17th
1. What caused the Revolt in The Netherlands?
The Revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1587)
By 1560s, Calvinism spread and appealed to the middle classes because of its intellectual seriousness, moral gravity, and emphasis on any form of labor well done
Calvinism took deep root among the merchants and financiers in the northern provinces and working-class people also converted partly to please their employers
In 1559, Philip II appointed his half-sister Margaret as regent of the Netherlands who introduced the Inquisition to combat Calvinism and raised taxes
In August 1566, Calvinists rampaged through the Low Countries aimed attacks at religious images and destroyed churches as well as burning irreplaceable libraries
Philip II sent twenty thousand Spanish troops under the duke of Alva, opened his own tribunal (“Council of Blood”), Alva resolved the financial crisis by levying a 10 % sales tax on every transaction, and civil war raged between 1568 and 1578
In 1576, the seventeen provinces united under the leadership of Prince William of Orange (“the Silent”) and in 1578 Philip II sent his nephew Alexander Farnese
The ten southern provinces the Spanish were able to control became Belgium and the seven northern provinces, led by Holland, formed the Union of Utrecht and in 1581, declared their independence from Spain (United Provinces of the Netherlands)
Spain repeatedly invaded the United Provinces who repeatedly asked the Protestant queen of England, Elizabeth, for assistance and three developments forced her hand
2. Why were the woman tried as witches?
The Great European Witch-Hunt
Witches were thought to be individuals who could mysteriously injure other people or animals (old women who made travels on broomsticks to sabbats or assemblies)
Since the pacts with the devil meant the renunciation of God, witchcraft was considered heresy and persecution reached its peak in the late 16th and 17th