Apush Study

APUSH * -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
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1. In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.
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2. In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War, the there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.
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3. The Indians battled whites to avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites, punish whites for breaking treaties, defend their lands against white invaders, and preserve their nomadic way of life against forced settlement.
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4. Match each Indian chief below with his tribe.
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Chief Joseph- Nez Perce
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Sitting Bull-Sioux
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Geronimo- Apache
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5. As a result of the complete defeat of Captain William Fetterman’s command in 1866 the government abandoned the Bozeman Trail and guaranteed the Sioux their lands.
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6. The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
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7. The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when the federal government attempted to put them on a reservation.
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8. The buffalo were nearly exterminated through wholesale butchery by whites.
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9. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by Helen Hunt Jackson.
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10. The nineteenth century humanitarians who advocated “kind” treatment of the Indians had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them.
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11. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act dissolve many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years, and tried to make rugged individualists of the Indians.
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12. The United States government’s outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the Battle of Wounded Knee.
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13. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian assimilation.
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14. Know the following in order: Dawes Severalty Act is passed; Oklahoma land rush takes place; Indians are granted full citizenship; Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life
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15. The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier of the West helped to finance the Civil War.
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16. The mining frontier played a vital role in attracting the first substantial white population to the West.
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17. The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified as the mining frontier expanded.
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18. The wild frontier towns where the three major cattle trails from Texas ended were Abilene, Kansas; Ogallala, Nebraska; and Cheyenne, Wyoming
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19. One problem with the Homestead Act was that 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain scarce Great Plains.
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20. The Homestead Act assumed that public land should be administered in such a way as to promote frontier settlement.
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21. The Homestead Act was a drastic departure from previous government public land policy designed to raise revenue.
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22. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was the scarcity of water.
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23. In the long run, the group that probably did the most to shape the modern West was the hydraulic engineers.
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24. “Sooners” were settlers “who jumped the gun” in order to claim land in Oklahoma.
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25. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier were eastern city dwellers.
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26. In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed that the free land of the West was gone..
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27. Free western land attracted many immigrant farmers who might have crowded urban job markets, the possibility of westward migration encouraged eastern employers to pay higher wages, farmers frequently migrated after earning a profit from the sale of land, and western cities became places of opportunity for failed farmers and easterners alike are valid support for the theory that the frontier served as a “safety valve” for American social discontent and economic conflict.
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28. Cities Denver and San Francisco did serve as a major “safety valve” by providing a home for failed farmers and busted miners.
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29. The area of the country in which the federal government has done the most to aid economic and social development is the West.
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30. The real “safety valve” in the late nineteenth century was the western cities.
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31. In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers grew a single cash crop.
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32. The root cause of the American farmers’ problem after 1880 was overproduction of agricultural goods.
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33. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods increased, and the price received for these goods decreased.
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34. Late-nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily from a deflated currency.
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35. With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years, tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South.
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36. Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they were by nature highly independent and individualistic.
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37. The first major farmers’ organization was the Patrons of Husbandry.
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38. The original purpose of the Grange was to stimulate self-improvement through educational and social activities.
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39. In several states, farmers helped to pass the “Granger Laws,” which regulated railroad rates.
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40. The Farmers’ Alliance was formed to take action to break the strangling grip of the railroads.
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41. The Farmers’ Alliance was especially weakened by the exclusion of black farmers.
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42. The Populist Party arose as the direct successor to the Farmers’ Alliance.
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43. The Populist Party’s presidential candidate in 1892 was James B. Weaver.
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44. James B. Weaver, William “Coin” Harvey, Ignatius Donnelley, and Mary Elizabeth Lease were among influential Populist leaders
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45. In a bid to win labor’s support, the Populist Party opposed injunctions against labor strikes.
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46. During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
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47. Jacob Coxey and his “army” marched on Washington, D.C., to demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.
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48. Richard Olney was least sympathetic to workers and farmers hard-pressed by the Depression of 1893.
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49. President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.
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50. Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike:
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Richard Olney-United States attorney general who brought in federal troops to crush the strike
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Eugene V. Debs -Head of the American Railway Union that organized the strike
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George Pullman - Owner of the “palace railroad car” company and the company town where the strike began
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John P. Altgeld- Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers
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51. Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people.
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52. The Pullman strike created the first instance of government use of federal troops to break a labor strike.
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53. The Depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties.
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54. Sponsoring the high McKinley Tariff Bill was not among the qualifications that helped William McKinley earn the Republican presidential nomination in1896.
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55. Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of government was to aid business.
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56. The Democratic party nominee for president in 1896 was William Jennings Bryan; the Republicans nominated William McKinley; and the Populists endorsed William Jennings Bryan.
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57. William Jennings Bryan in I896 was an excellent orator, radiated honesty and sincerity, was an energetic and charismatic campaigner, and was very youthful.
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58. William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party primarily because he eloquently supported the farmers’ demand for the unlimited coinage of silver.
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59. In the election of 1896, the major issue became free and unlimited coinage of silver.
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60. One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 presidential election was the huge amount of money raised by Mark Hanna.
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61. The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 presidential election was fear of the alleged radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause.
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62. The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes.
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63. The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by diminishing voter participation in elections.
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64. As president, William McKinley can best be described as cautious and conservative.
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65. The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of an increase in the international gold supply.

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Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion
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1. In his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to spread American religion and values.
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2. By the 1890s, the United States was bursting with a new sense of power generated by an increase in population, wealth, and industrial production.
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3. A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.
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4. The clash between Germany and America over the Samoan islands eventually resulted in a colonial division of the islands between Germany and the United States.
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5. U. S. naval captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that control of the sea was the key to world domination.
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6. The numerous near-wars and diplomatic crises of the United States in the late 1880s and 1890s demonstrated the aggressive new national mood.
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7. To justify American intervention in the Venezuela boundary dispute with Britain, Secretary of State Olney invoked the Monroe Doctrine.
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8. During the boundary dispute between Venezuela and Britain, the United States threatened war unless Britain backed down and accepted Venezuela’s claim.
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9. A primary reason that the British submitted their border dispute with Venezuela to arbitration was that their growing tensions with Germany made Britain reluctant to engage in conflict with the United States.
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10.The Venezuela boundary dispute was settled by arbitration of the Venezuelan and British claims.
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11.One reason that the white American “sugar lords” tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.
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12.Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani was removed from power because she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii
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13.Grover Cleveland was the least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s.
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14.Before a treaty annexing Hawaii to the United States could be rushed through the U.S. Senate in 1893, President Harrison’s term expired and anti-imperialist Grover Cleveland became president.
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15.President Grover Cleveland rejected the effort to annex Hawaii because he believed that the native Hawaiians had been wronged and that a majority opposed annexation to the United States.
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16.In an attempt to persuade Spain to leave Cuba or to encourage the United States to help Cuba to gain its independence, Cuban insurrectos adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning cane fields and sugar mills.
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17.Americans favored providing aid to the Cuban revolutionaries for all of the following reasons;popular outrage at the Spanish use of reconcentration camp, fear that Spanish misrule in Cuba menaced the Gulf of Mexico and the route to the proposed Panama Canal, sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom, and the atrocity stories reported in the “yellow press.”
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18.The battleship Maine was officially sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate American citizens.
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19.The battleship Maine was sunk by an explosion on the ship.
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20.President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because the American people demanded it.
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21.The United States declared war on Spain even though the Spanish had already agreed to sign an armistice with the Cuban rebels.
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22.The Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would uphold the independence of Cuba.
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23.American military strength during the Spanish-American War came mainly from its new steel navy.
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24.A major weakness of Spain in the Spanish-American War was the wretched condition of its navy.
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25.The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was Emilio Aguinaldo.
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26.When the United States captured the Philippines from Spain, Hawaii was annexed by the United States as a key territory in the Pacific.
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27.The “Rough Riders,” organized principally by Teddy Roosevelt, were commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood.
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28.During the Spanish-American War, the entire Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Manila Bay.
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29.When the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War, most of the population greeted the invaders as liberating heroes
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30.The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from sickness in both Cuba and the United States.
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31.At the time, the most controversial event associated with the Spanish- American War was the acquisition of the Philippines.
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32.Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippine Islands, and Manila are all of the following that became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain.
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33.President McKinley justified American acquisition of the Philippines primarily by emphasizing that there was no acceptable alternative to their acquisition.
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34.American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.
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35.Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands; it would violate the consent of the governed philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, despotism abroad might lead to despotism at home, annexation would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of the Far East, and the Filipinos wanted freedom, not colonial rule.
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36.Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking citizenship.
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37.On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled that American laws did not necessarily apply.
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38.The United States gained a virtual right of intervention in Cuba in the Platt Amendment.
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39.By acquiring the Philippine Islands at the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States assumed rule over millions of Asian people, became a full-fledged East Asian power, assumed commitments that would be difficult to defend, and developed popular support for a big navy.
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40.Arrange the following events in chronological order: sinking of the Maine , American declaration of war on Spain, passage of the Teller Amendment, passage of the Platt Amendment.
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41.In 1899, guerilla warfare broke out in the Philippines because the United States refused to give the Filipino people their independence.
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42.The Philippine insurrection was finally broken in 1901 when Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, was captured.
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43.The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.
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44.President McKinley’s policy of “benevolent assimilation” in the Philippines was not appreciated by the Filipinos.
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45.When Filipinos first came to the United States, they worked mainly as agricultural laborers.
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46.Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.
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47.America’s initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote free trade in China.
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48.China’s Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to throw out or kill all foreigners.
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49.In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the United States abandoned its general principles of nonentanglement and noninvolvement in overseas conflict.
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50.Once the Boxer uprising ended, China was spared further partition by foreign powers.
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51.Teddy Roosevelt received the Republican vice-presidential nomination in 1900 mainly because New York party bosses wanted him out of the governorship.
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52.The extended Open Door policy advocated in Secretary John Hay’s second note called on all big powers, including the United States, to observe the territorial integrity of China.
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53.Just before his nomination for vice president on the Republican ticket in 1900, Theodore Roosevelt served as governor of New York.
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54.In the 1900 presidential election, the Democratic party and its candidate, William Jennings Bryan, insisted that imperialism was the “paramount issue” of the campaign.
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55.As a vice-presidential candidate in 1900, Teddy Roosevelt matched William Jennings Bryan’s travels in a flamboyant campaign.
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56.The Republicans won the 1900 election mainly because of the prosperity achieved during McKinley’s first term.
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57.Theodore Roosevelt can best be described as highly energetic and egotistical.
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58.As president, Teddy Roosevelt proved progressive but willing to compromise.
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59.Regarding the presidency, Teddy Roosevelt believed that the President could take any action not specifically prohibited by the laws and the Constitution.
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60.Construction of an isthmian canal was motivated mainly by a desire to improve the defense of the United States.
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61. The British gave up their opposition to an American-controlled isthmian canal because they confronted an unfriendly Europe and were bogged down in the Boer War.
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62.The alternative route to Panama seriously considered as the location for a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was Nicaragua.
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63.The United States entered the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama, the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Britain, and the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan.
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64.The United States gained a perpetual lease on the Panama Canal Zone in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
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65.The Colombian Senate rejected the treaty with the United States for a canal because the United States was not paying the Colombian government enough money.
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66.Teddy Roosevelt’s role in the Panamanian Revolution involved using American naval forces to block Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus and crushing the revolt.
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67.The revolution in Panama began when a Chinese civilian and donkey were killed.
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68.Teddy Roosevelt wanted an isthmian canal constructed quickly because the presidential election of 1904 was approaching.
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69.During the building of the Panama Canal, all of the following difficulties were encountered; labor troubles, landslides, poor sanitation, yellow fever.
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70.Theodore Roosevelt defended his building of the Panama Canal by claiming that he had received a “mandate from civilization.”
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71.American involvement in the affairs of Latin American nations at the turn of the century usually stemmed from the fact that they were chronically in debt.
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72.The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
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73.Teddy Roosevelt promoted what might be called a “Bad Neighbor” policy by adding the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
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74.The United States’ frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.
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75.In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War started because Russia was seeking ice-free ports in Chinese Manchuria.
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76.Theodore Roosevelt became involved in the peace settlement for the Russo-Japanese War when Japan secretly asked him to help.
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77.President Roosevelt organized a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 to mediate a conclusion to the Russo-Japanese War.
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78.As a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan won a territorial concession on Sakhalin Island.
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79.The “Gentlemen’s Agreement” that Teddy Roosevelt worked out with the Japanese in 1907-1908 caused Japan to halt the flow of laborers to America in return for the repeal of a racist school decree by the San Francisco School Board.
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80.Japanese immigrants first entered U.S. territory to work as laborers on Hawaii’s sugar plantations.
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81.In the Root-Takahira agreement of 1908, the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial holdings in the Pacific.
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82.A group of historians known as the A New Left revisionists argued that the United States’ burst of overseas expansion was designed to create an “informal empire” that would guarantee American economic dominance of foreign markets and investments.

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Chapter 28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
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1. As one progressive explained, the ‘real heart’ of the progressive movement was to use the government as an agency of human welfare
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2. Progressives who were among the strongest critics of injustice in early-twentieth-century America, received much of their inspiration from the Greenback Labor party and the Populists
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3. Match each late-19th century social critic below with the target of his criticism.
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Thorstein Veblen -‘conspicuous consumption’
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Jack London- destruction of nature
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Jacob Riis-‘slum conditions’
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Henry Demarest Lloyd-‘bloated trusts’
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4. Progressivism supported many reforms advocated by feminists
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5. President Theodore Roosevelt branded reporters who tried to uncover injustice as ‘muckrakers’ because he was annoyed by their excessive zeal
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6. Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of their being essentially an extension of women’s traditional roles as wives and mothers.
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7.Match the earl 20th century muckraker below with the target of his or her expose.
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David Phillips- the U.S. Senate
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Ida Tarbell-the Standard Oil Company
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Lincoln Steffens-city governments
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Ray Stannard Baker-the conditions of blacks
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8. Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled ‘The Shame of the Cities,’ unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government
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9. The muckrakers signified much about the nature of the progressive reform movement because they sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it with democratic controls
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10. Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to make the public aware of social problems.
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11. The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union.
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12. Progressive reformers were mainly men and women from the middle class.
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13. Political progressivism emerged in both major parties, in all regions, at all levels of government
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14. According to progressives, the cure for American democracy’s ills was more democracy.
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15. To regain the power that the people had lost to the ‘interests,’ progressives advocated all of the following; initiative, referendum, recall, and direct election of U.S. senators.
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16. All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressive; the direct election of U.S. senators, prohibition, woman suffrage, and ending prostitution and ‘white slavery’.
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17. The progressive movement was instrumental in getting both the 17th and 18thamendments added to the Constitution. The 17th called for direct election of U.S. senators, and the 18th called for prohibition.
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18. The progressive movement was instrumental in getting the Seventeenth amendment added to the Constitution, which provided for direct election of senators.
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19. The settlement house and women’s club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social
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20. The following are among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement; preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops, insuring that food products were healthy and safe, attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements, and creating pensions for mothers with dependent children.
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21. In Muller vs. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelly and Louis Brandeis that female workers required special rules and protection on the job.
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22. The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass restrictions on female employment in the clothing industry.
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23. The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because the Supreme Court in its ruling declared a law limiting work to 10 hours a day unconstitutional.
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24. The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.
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25. Progressive reform at the level of city government seemed to indicate that the progressives’ highest priority was governmental efficiency.
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26. While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the Square Deal.
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27. As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following;control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources, and an end to railroad rebates.
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28. Theodore Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.
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29. One unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute.
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30. The Elkins and Hepburn acts dealt with the subject of railroad regulations.
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31. Theodore Roosevelt believed that trusts were here to stay with their efficient means of production.
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32. The real purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s assault on trusts was to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country.
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33. President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of regulating trusts.
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34. Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was facilitated by the publication of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.
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35. When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.
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36. Of the following legislation aimed at resource conservation, the only one associated with Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency was the Newlands Act.
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37. According to the text, Theodore Roosevelt’s most enduring, tangible achievement may have been his efforts supporting the environment.
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38. The idea of ‘multiple-use resource management’ included all of the following practices; recreation, sustained-yield logging, summer stock grazing, and watershed protection.
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39. Theodore Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.
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40. The panic of 1907 stimulated reform in banking policy.
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41. Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as a middle-of-the-road politician.
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42. While president, Theodore Roosevelt greatly increased the power and prestige of the presidency.
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43. During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt did all of the following; expand presidential power, shape the progressive movement, provide an international perspective, and tame capitalism.
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44. As president, William Howard Taft was wedded more to the status quo than to change.
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45. President Taft’s foreign policy was dubbed dollar diplomacy.
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46. The Supreme Court’s ‘rule of reason’ in restraint-of-trade cases was handed down in a case involving Standard Oil.
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47. Theodore Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because William H. Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt’s policies.

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Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
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1. Before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been state governor.
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2. As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as passionate reformer.
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3. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included antitrust legislation, monetary reform, tariff reductions, and support for small businesses.
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4. When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt’s name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it symbolized the rising political status of women.
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5. Teddy Roosevelt’s New Nationalism supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business.
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6. Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom favored small enterprise and entrepreneurship.
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7. In 1912 presidential election was notable because it gave the voters a clear choice of political and economic philosophies.
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8. Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party
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Woodrow Wilson- Democratic
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Theodore Roosevelt- Progressive
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William Howard Taft- Republican
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Eugene V. Debs- Socialist
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9. According to the text, the runaway philosophical winter in 1912 election was progressivism.
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10. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first person born in the south elected to the presidency since the Civil War.
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11. Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable surrounded by academic scholars.
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12. Woodrow Wilson’s attitude toward the masses can be best described as having faith in them if they were properly educated.
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13. Woodrow Wilson’s political philosophy included all of the following; faith in the masses, a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress, a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislatures to the sovereign people, and a belief in the moral essence of politics.
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14. As a politician Woodrow Wilson was inflexible and stubborn.
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15. Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because President Wilson aroused public opinion to support it passage.
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16. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson’s day when he personally delivered his presidential address to Congress.
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17. When Woodrow Wilson because president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country’s financial structure was that currency was inelastic.
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18. When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Bill in 1913, it intended the legislation to lower tariffs.
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19. The Sixteenth Amendment provided for a personal income tax.
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20. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American Banking system through the final authority given to the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.
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21. The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to issue paper money and increase the amount of money in circulation.
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22. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
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23. Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the Clayton Anti-Trust Act “labor’s Magna Charta”.
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24. The first Jew to sit on the United State Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was Louis D. Brandeis.
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25. Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.
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26. Woodrow Wilson’s early efforts to conduct anti-imperialist U.S. foreign policy were first undermined when he sent American marines to Haiti.
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27. Moralistic best characterizes Woodrow Wilson’s approach to American foreign policy diplomacy.
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28. President Woodrow Wilson refused to intervene in the affairs of Mexico until American sailors were arrested in the port of Tampico.
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29. Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries; Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the Virgin Islands, Mexico.
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30. Woodrow Wilson’s administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by Victoriano Huerta.
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31. As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the Central Powers, while Russia and France were among the Allies.
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32. From 1914 to 1916, trade between the United States and Britain pulled the American economy out of recession.
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33. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.
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34. One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.
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35. President Wilson insisted that he would hold Germany to “strict accountability” the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare.
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36. German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.
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37. The Progressive “Bull Moose” party died when Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party’s presidential candidate in 1916.
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38. In the Sussex Pledge, Germany promised not to sink passenger ships without warning.
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39. When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the working class.

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Chapter 30 The War to End War
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1. President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when they announced they would wage unrestricted sub warfare in the Atlantic.
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2. The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between Germany and Mexico.
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3. The United States declared war on Germany after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant.
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4. President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War by pledging to make the war “a war to end all wars” and to make the world safe for democracy.
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5. President Wilson viewed America’s entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy.
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6. Reduction of armament, international religious freedom and toleration, abolition of secret treaties, and the principle of nation self- determination was among Wilson’s Fourteen Points upon which he based America’s idealistic foreign policy in World War I.
-------------------------------------------------
7. The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public information was that he oversold Wilson’s ideals and led the world to expect too much.
-------------------------------------------------
8. Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilization agency that he directed.
-------------------------------------------------
George Creel- Committee on Public
-------------------------------------------------
Herbert Hoover- Food Administration
-------------------------------------------------
Bernard Baruch-War Industries Board
-------------------------------------------------
William Howard Taft- National War Labor Board
-------------------------------------------------
9. When the United States entered World War I, it was poorly prepared to leap into global war.
-------------------------------------------------
10. During World War I, civilian liberties in America were denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty.
-------------------------------------------------
11. Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of wartime influences were the Eighteenth, which dealt with prohibition, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was woman suffrage.
-------------------------------------------------
12. As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women finally received the right to vote.
-------------------------------------------------
13. During World War I, the government’s treatment of labor could be best described as fair.
-------------------------------------------------
14. The two groups who suffered most from the violation of civil liberties during World War I were German Americans and social radicals.
-------------------------------------------------
15. Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following; the inability to gain the right to organize, war-spawned inflation, violence against workers by employers, and the use of African Americans as strikebreakers.
-------------------------------------------------
16. The 1919 steel strike resulted in a grievous setback crippling the union movement for a decade.
-------------------------------------------------
17. The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI resulted in racial violence in the north.
-------------------------------------------------
18. Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on voluntary compliance to prepare the economy for war.
-------------------------------------------------
19. Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from loans from the American public.
-------------------------------------------------
20. In the effort to make economic mobilization more effective during World War I, the federal government took over and operated the railroads.
-------------------------------------------------
21. The United States used all of the following methods to support the war effort; forcing some people to buy war bonds, having ‘heatless Mondays’ to conserve fuel, seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in American harbors, and restricting the manufacture of beer.
-------------------------------------------------
22. The World War I military draft included women as well as men.
-------------------------------------------------
23. When the United States entered the war in 1917, most Americans did not believe that it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe.
-------------------------------------------------
24. Those who protested conscription during World War I did so because they disliked the ideas of compelling a person to serve.
-------------------------------------------------
25. During WWI American troops fought in all of the following countries; Russia, Belgium, Italy, and France.
-------------------------------------------------
26. The two major battle of WWI in which the Unites States forces engaged were St. Mihiel and the Meuse- Argonne Offensive.
-------------------------------------------------
27. Russia’s withdrawal from WWI in 1918 resulted in the release of thousands of German troops for deployment on the front in France.
-------------------------------------------------
28. The supreme military commander of American forces during WWI was John J. Pershing.
-------------------------------------------------
29. The Second Battle of Marne was significant because it marked the beginning of German withdrawal that was never reversed.
-------------------------------------------------
30. As a condition ending WWI, Woodrow Wilson demanded that the German Kaiser be forced from power.
-------------------------------------------------
31. The United States main contribution to the Allied victory in World War I included all the following; foodstuff, oil, munitions, and financial credit.
-------------------------------------------------
32. The Germans were heavily demoralized the United States unlimited troop reserves.
-------------------------------------------------
33. The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary states at the Paris peace table was that Wilson did not command a legislative majority at home.
-------------------------------------------------
34. Woodrow Wilson’s ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to establish the League of Nations.
-------------------------------------------------
35. At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals; preventing a seizure of territory by the victors, a world parliament of nation to provide collective security, national self-determination for smaller European nations, and free trade and freedom of the seas.
-------------------------------------------------
36. Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States Senators during the Paris Peace Conference gave allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position.
-------------------------------------------------
37. After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Woodrow Wilson was condemned by both disillusioned liberals and frustrated nationalists and imperialist.
-------------------------------------------------
38. In the United States the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was Article X.
-------------------------------------------------
39. The initial Republican strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to delay and amend the treaty.
-------------------------------------------------
40. Senate opponents of the League of Nations are proposed in the Treaty of Versailles argued that it robbed Congress of its war declaring powers.
-------------------------------------------------
41. In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson’s position on the League of Nations came from the Democrats.
-------------------------------------------------
42. The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations if Wilson had been willing to compromise with League opponents in Congress.
-------------------------------------------------
43. Woodrow Wilson was most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles.
-------------------------------------------------
44. Woodrow Wilson’s call for “solemn referendum “in 1920 referred to his belief that the presidential election should determine the fate of the Treaty of Versailles.
-------------------------------------------------
45. Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding’s 1920 presidential victory into a death sentence for the League of Nations.
-------------------------------------------------
46. The major weakness of the League of Nations was that it did not include the Soviet Union

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 31 American Life in the Roaring Twenties
-------------------------------------------------
1. The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by the public’s association of labor violence with its fear of revolution.
-------------------------------------------------
2. Disillusioned by war and peace, Americans in the 1920s did all of the following; denounce “radical” foreign ideas, condemn “un-American” life styles, shun diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, and restrict immigration.
-------------------------------------------------
3. Business people used the red scare to break the backs of fledgling unions.
-------------------------------------------------
4. The most tenacious pursuer of “radical” elements during the red scare was A. Mitchell Palmer.
-------------------------------------------------
5. The post- World War I Ku Klux Klan advocated all of the following; fundamentalist religion, opposition to birth control, repression of pacifists, anti-Catholicism.
-------------------------------------------------
6. The KKK of the 1920s was a reaction against the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.
-------------------------------------------------
7. Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of the nativist belief that Northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.
-------------------------------------------------
8. “Cultural pluralists” like Horace Kallen and Randolph generally advocated that immigrants should be able to retain their traditional cultures rather than blend into a single American “melting pot”.
-------------------------------------------------
9. The immigration quota system adopted in the 1920s discriminated directly against Southern and Eastern Europeans.
-------------------------------------------------
10. One of the primary obstacles to working class solidarity and organization in America was ethnic diversity.
-------------------------------------------------
11. Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from eastern city dwellers.
-------------------------------------------------
12. The religion of almost all Polish immigrants to America was Roman Catholics.
-------------------------------------------------
13. Many Polish peasants learned about America from all of the following sources; agents from U.S. railroads, letters from friends and relative, agents from steamship lines, and Polish American business people.
-------------------------------------------------
14. Most Americans assumed that prohibition would be permanent.
-------------------------------------------------
15. The most spectacular example of lawlessness and gangsterism in the 1920s was Chicago.
-------------------------------------------------
16. John Dewey can rightly be called the “father of progressive education”.
-------------------------------------------------
17. According to John Dewey, a teacher’s primary goal is to educate a student for life.
-------------------------------------------------
18. Of the following, Frederick W. Taylor is least associated to John T. Scopes, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, and Dayton, Tennessee.
-------------------------------------------------
19. The trial of John Scopes in 1925 centered on the issues of teaching evolution in public school.
-------------------------------------------------
20. After the Scopes “Monkey Trial” fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life.
-------------------------------------------------
21. All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible; rapid expansion of capital, increased productivity of workers, perfection of assembly-line production, and advertising/credit buying.
-------------------------------------------------
22. The main problems faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved developing expanded markets of people to buy their products.
-------------------------------------------------
23. Bruce Barron, author of The Man Nobody Knows , expressed great admiration for Jesus Christ because Barton believed that Christ was the best advertising man of all time.
-------------------------------------------------
24. The prosperity that developed in the 1920s was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.
-------------------------------------------------
25. Among the major figures promoted by mass media image makers and the new “sports industry” in the 1920s were Bade Ruth and Jack Dempsey.
-------------------------------------------------
26. Henry Ford’s contribution to the automobile industry was relatively cheap automobiles.
-------------------------------------------------
27. Fredrick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best known for his promotion of industrial efficiency and scientific management.
-------------------------------------------------
28. Rubber, highway construction, oil, and glass was among the industries that prospered mightily with widespread use of the automobile.
-------------------------------------------------
29. The automobile revolution resulted in all of the following; the consolidation of school, the spread of suburbs, a loss of population in less attractive states, and altered youthful successful behavior.
-------------------------------------------------
30. Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American hero especially because his wholesome youthfulness contrasted with the cynicism and debunking of the Jazz age.
-------------------------------------------------
31. The first “talkie” motion picture was The Jazz Singer.
-------------------------------------------------
32. With the advent of radio and motion pictures, much of the rich diversity of immigrant culture was lost.
-------------------------------------------------
33. Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures contributed to the standardization of American life.
-------------------------------------------------
34. The 1920 census revealed that for the first time most Americans lived in cities.
-------------------------------------------------
35. Margaret Sanger was most noted for he advocacy of birth control.
-------------------------------------------------
36. Job opportunities for women in the 1920s tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields.
-------------------------------------------------
37. To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed the theories of Sigmund Freud.
-------------------------------------------------
38. Jazz music was developed by American blacks.
-------------------------------------------------
39. Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for all of the following; promoting the resettlement of American blacks in Africa, cultivating feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks, being sent to prison after a conviction for fraud, and promoting black-owned businesses.
-------------------------------------------------
40. March each literary figure below with the correct work.
-------------------------------------------------
Ernest Hemingway- The Sun Also Rises
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F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby
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Sinclair Lewis-Main Street
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William Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury
-------------------------------------------------
41. Baying stock “on the margin” meant purchasing it with a small down payment.
-------------------------------------------------
42. Joseph “King” Oliver, “Jelly Roll” Morton, Langston Hughes, and W.C. Handy were prominent African American Culture figures of the 1920s.
-------------------------------------------------
43. As secretary of treasury, Andrew Mallon placed the tax burden on the middle- income groups.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 32 The Politics of Boom and Bust
-------------------------------------------------
1. Warren G. Harding’s weakness as president included all of the following; mediocre mind, inability to detect moral weakness in his associates, unwillingness to hurt people’s feelings by saying no, and administrative weakness.
-------------------------------------------------
2. Match each member of President Harding’s cabinet below with his major area of responsibility.
-------------------------------------------------
Charles Evans Hughes- naval arms limitations
-------------------------------------------------
Andrew Melton- taxes and tariffs
-------------------------------------------------
Hebert Hoover- Foreign trade and trade associations
-------------------------------------------------
Albert Fall- Naval Oil Reserves
-------------------------------------------------
Harry Daugherty- justice and law enforcement
-------------------------------------------------
3. Albert Fall proved to be a incompetent and corrupt as a member of President Harding’s cabinet.
-------------------------------------------------
4. Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding sought to continue the same laissez-fair doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley.
-------------------------------------------------
5. During the 1920s, the Supreme Court often ruled against progressive legislation.
-------------------------------------------------
6. Organized labor was adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.
-------------------------------------------------
7. The Supreme Court cases of Muller and Adkins centered on the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment.
-------------------------------------------------
8. The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was veterans.
-------------------------------------------------
9. One exception to President Warren G. Harding’s policy of isolation involved in the Middle East, where the United States sought to secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.
-------------------------------------------------
10. Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament because business people were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
-------------------------------------------------
11. The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.
-------------------------------------------------
12. In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariff rate, so that by the 1920 the tariff rates had been substantially raised from the opening of the decade.
-------------------------------------------------
13. European nations raising their own tariffs, the postwar chaos in Europe being prolonged, the international economic distress deepening, and American foreign trading decline was a consequence of the American policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s.
-------------------------------------------------
14. The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of naval oil reserves.
-------------------------------------------------
15. The major political sandal of Harding’s administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of the interior.
-------------------------------------------------
16. Honesty, frugality, shyness, and caution are following descriptive attribute characteristics of President Coolidge.
-------------------------------------------------
17. During Coolidge’s presidency, government policy was set largely by the interest and values of the business community.
-------------------------------------------------
18. After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that “they had gotten away with it”.
-------------------------------------------------
19. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was overproductions.
-------------------------------------------------
20. In the mid-1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to subsidize farm prices.
-------------------------------------------------
21. The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were farmers; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were labor unions.
-------------------------------------------------
22. “Wets” versus “drys”, immigrants versus old-stock Americans, “Fundamentalists versus Modernists, and northern liberals versus southern conservatives are splits that did affect the Democratic Party in 1924.
-------------------------------------------------
23. Senator Robert La Foilette’s Progressive party advocated all the following; government ownership of railroads, relief for farmers, opposition to antilabor injunctions, and opposition to monopolies.
-------------------------------------------------
24. In 1924 the Democratic party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemning the KKK.
-------------------------------------------------
25. The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.
-------------------------------------------------
26. In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America’s general indifference to the outside world was it armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America.
-------------------------------------------------
27. America’s European allies argues that they should not have to repay loans to the US made to them during the WWI because they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the US to write off the debt.
-------------------------------------------------
28. As a result of America’s insistence that its Allies war debts be repaid in full, the French and British demanded enormous reparation payments from Germany.
-------------------------------------------------
29. America’s major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes plan which provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparation payments.
-------------------------------------------------
30. The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was Alfred E. Smith.
-------------------------------------------------
31. Catholic religion, support for the repeal of prohibition, the big-city background, and radio speaking skill were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith.
-------------------------------------------------
32. One of Herbert Hoover’s chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his talent for administration.
-------------------------------------------------
33. When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.
-------------------------------------------------
34. The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farm primarily to help them to organize producer’s cooperatives.
-------------------------------------------------
35. As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of the 1930s the world wide depression deepened.
-------------------------------------------------
36. In America, the Great Depression caused a decade-long decline in the birthrate.
-------------------------------------------------
37. President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following; directing assisting businesses and banks, keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system, continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism, and lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.
-------------------------------------------------
38. President Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression was to offer federal assistance to business and banks but not to individuals.
-------------------------------------------------
39. The “alphabetical agency” set up under Hoover’s administration to provide aid to business and local governments was the reconstruction finance corporations (RFC).
-------------------------------------------------
40. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.
-------------------------------------------------
41. The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington DC., in 1932 to demand immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to WWI veterans.
-------------------------------------------------
42. President Hoover’s public image was severely damaged by his handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.
-------------------------------------------------
43. In response to the League of Nation’s investigation into Japan’s invasion and occupation of Manchuria, Japan left the League.
-------------------------------------------------
44. The 1932 Simpson doctrine declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms. * -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 33 The Great Depression and the New Deal
-------------------------------------------------
1. Franklin Roosevelt’s affliction with infantile paralysis contributed the most to his development of compassion and strengths of will.
-------------------------------------------------
2. The most vigorous “champion of the dispossessed”- that is the poor, and minorities- in Roosevelt administration circle was Eleanor Roosevelt.
-------------------------------------------------
3. The Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for the presidency in 1932 called for deficit spending.
-------------------------------------------------
4. In 1932 Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Depression by experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.
-------------------------------------------------
5. One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was that African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.
-------------------------------------------------
6. While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to an anti-inflationary policy that would make much of the New Deal impossible.
-------------------------------------------------
7. When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933, he received unprecedented congressional support.
-------------------------------------------------
8. The Works Progress Administration was a major relief program of the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a long-range recovery; and the Social Security Act was a major reform program.
-------------------------------------------------
9. The Glass-Steagall Act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.
-------------------------------------------------
10. The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 was the collapse of international trade and unemployment.
-------------------------------------------------
11. Franklin Roosevelt’s initial “managed currency” policy aimed to stimulate inflation.
-------------------------------------------------
12. The Civilian Conservation Corps was probably the most popular New Deal program, the National Recovery Act was one of the most complex, and the Tennessee Valley Authority was the most radical.
-------------------------------------------------
13. President Roosevelt’s chief “administrator of relief” was Harry Hopkins.
-------------------------------------------------
14. Match each New Deal critic below with the “cause of slogan that he promoted.
-------------------------------------------------
Father Coughlin- “Social Justice”
-------------------------------------------------
Huey Long-“every man a king”
-------------------------------------------------
Francis Townsend- old age pensions
-------------------------------------------------
Herbert Hoover- “a holy crusade for liberty”
-------------------------------------------------
15. Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national popularity by promising to give every family $5,000.
-------------------------------------------------
16. Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead brought widespread contributions to the field of political science.
-------------------------------------------------
17. Robert Wagner- National Labor Relations Act
-------------------------------------------------
Harry Hopkins- Works Progress Administration
-------------------------------------------------
Harold Ickes- Public Works Administration
-------------------------------------------------
Francis Perkins- Department of Labor
-------------------------------------------------
18. The National Recovery Act (NRA) failed largely because it required too much self- sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.
-------------------------------------------------
19. The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops by taxing processors of farm products.
-------------------------------------------------
20. The Agricultural Adjustments Act (AAA) proposed to solve the “farm problem” by reducing agricultural production.
-------------------------------------------------
21. Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; the Twenty-first amendment ended prohibition.
-------------------------------------------------
22. All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s; dry-farming techniques, droughts, the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains, and soil erosion.
-------------------------------------------------
23. In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.
-------------------------------------------------
24. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government.
-------------------------------------------------
25. Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to California.
-------------------------------------------------
26. Most “Okies” in California escaped the deprivation and uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when they found jobs in defense industries during World War II.
-------------------------------------------------
27. The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed to provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.
-------------------------------------------------
28. On the following, The Tennessee Valley Authority, George W. Norris, Muscle Shoals, and hydroelectric power are related to each other.
-------------------------------------------------
29. The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to the private electrical utility industry.
-------------------------------------------------
30. The strongest criticisms leveled against the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) drew criticism was that it represented the first stage of “creeping socialism”.
-------------------------------------------------
31. The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its efforts in electrical power.
-------------------------------------------------
32. The Social Security Act of 1935 proved all of the following; unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, economic provisions for the blind and disabled, and support for the blind and physically handicapped.
-------------------------------------------------
33. The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law that gave labor the right to bargain collectively.
-------------------------------------------------
34. The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to unskilled workers.
-------------------------------------------------
35. The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was the organization of all workers within an industry.
-------------------------------------------------
36. The 1936 election was notable for its reflection of a bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich.
-------------------------------------------------
37. President Roosevelt’s “Court-packing” scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court more sympathetic to New Deal Programs.
-------------------------------------------------
38. After Franklin Roosevelt’s failed attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court, the Court began to support the New Deal Programs.
-------------------------------------------------
39. As a result of the 1937 “Roosevelt recession”, Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economies.
-------------------------------------------------
40. During the 1930s, the national debt doubled.
-------------------------------------------------
41. By 1938, the New Deal had lost most of its momentum.
-------------------------------------------------
42. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal was notable for proving moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
-------------------------------------------------
1. Franklin Roosevelt undermined the London Economic Conference because any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America’s recovery from depression,
-------------------------------------------------
2. <!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->As a result of Franklin Roosevelt’s withdrawal from the London Economic Conference, the trend towards extreme nationalism was strengthened.
-------------------------------------------------
3. One internationalist action by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first term in office was<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->the formal recognition of the Soviet Union.
-------------------------------------------------
4. Roosevelt’s recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly in hopes of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.
-------------------------------------------------
5. In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.
-------------------------------------------------
6. Franklin Roosevelt embarked on the Good Neighbor policy in part because he was eager to enlist Latin American allies to defend the Western Hemisphere European and Asian dictators.
-------------------------------------------------
7. As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt developed more generous policies of removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.
-------------------------------------------------
8. The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act increased America’s foreign trade.
-------------------------------------------------
9. President Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign-trade policy<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->lowered tariffs to increase trade.
-------------------------------------------------
10. Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by retreating further into isolation.
-------------------------------------------------
11. Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia, Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Franco’s overthrow of the republican government of Spain.
-------------------------------------------------
12. By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment to forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum.
-------------------------------------------------
13. Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the United States resulted in all of the following; abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas, making no distinction whatever between aggressors and victims, spurring aggressors along their path of conquest, and balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither.
-------------------------------------------------
13. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, Americans would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of the warring nations.
-------------------------------------------------
14. From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence: embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease.
-------------------------------------------------
15. America’s neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 allowed Spain to become a fascist dictatorship.
-------------------------------------------------
16. Franklin Roosevelt’s sensational “Quarantine Speech” in 1937 resulted in a wave of protest by isolationists.
-------------------------------------------------
17. In September 1938 in Munich, Germany, Britain and France consented to Germany’s taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
-------------------------------------------------
18. <!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->In 1938 the British and French bought peace with Hitler at the Munich Conference by effectively handing over the nation of Czechoslovakia.
-------------------------------------------------
19. Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union, Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.
-------------------------------------------------
20. The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty was<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->Poland.
-------------------------------------------------
21. Norway, the Netherlands, France, and Poland were conquered by Hitler’s Germany between September 1939 and June 1940.
-------------------------------------------------
22. Probably the greatest obstacle to America’s acceptance of more Jewish refugees from Europe was the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924.
-------------------------------------------------
23. The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau because of the belief that bombing would divert essential military resources.
-------------------------------------------------
24. During the 1930s, the United States admitted about 150,000 Jewish refugees from Nazism.
-------------------------------------------------
25. Congress’s first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to pass a conscription law.
-------------------------------------------------
26. America’s neutrality effectively ended when when France fell to Germany.
-------------------------------------------------
27. In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United States eight valuable naval bases in the Western Hemisphere.
-------------------------------------------------
28. By 1940 American public opinion had come to favor providing Britain with “all aid short of war.”
-------------------------------------------------
29. The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was Wendell L. Willkie.
-------------------------------------------------
30.Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.
-------------------------------------------------
31. <!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->The 1941 lend-lease program was all of the following; a focus on intense debate between internationalists and isolationist, a direct challenge to the Axis dictators, the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned, and the catalyst that caused American factories to prepare for all-out war production.
-------------------------------------------------
32. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.
-------------------------------------------------
33. In 1940, Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie avoided deepening the sharp divisions among the American people when he avoided attacking the New Deal.
-------------------------------------------------
34. After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk, Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels.
-------------------------------------------------
35. Japan believed that it was forced into war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that Japan withdraw from China.
-------------------------------------------------
36. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise because<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaya or the Philippines.
-------------------------------------------------
37. On the eve of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans still wanted to keep the United States out of war.
-------------------------------------------------
38. Munich Conference à Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty à German invasion of Poland
-------------------------------------------------
39. Fall of France àHitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union à Atlantic Conferenv

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 35 America in World War II
-------------------------------------------------
1. The fundamental strategic decision of World War I made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning was to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.
-------------------------------------------------
2. Once at war, America’s first great challenge to retool its industry for all-out war production.
-------------------------------------------------
3. Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II further assimilated into American society.
-------------------------------------------------
4. Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.
-------------------------------------------------
5. The minority group most adversely affected by Washington’s wartime policies was Japanese-Americans.
-------------------------------------------------
6. The general American attitude toward World War II was less idealistic and ideological and more practical than the outlook of World War I.
-------------------------------------------------
7. In the period from 1885 to 1924, Japanese Immigrants to the United States were a select group who were better educated than most Europeans.
-------------------------------------------------
8. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.
-------------------------------------------------
9. During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.
-------------------------------------------------
10. Match each of the wartime agencies below with its correct functions.
-------------------------------------------------
War Production Board- assigned priorities with respect to the use of raw materials and transportation facilities
-------------------------------------------------
Office of Price Administration- Controlled inflation by rationing essential goods
-------------------------------------------------
War Labor Board- imposed ceilings on wage increases
-------------------------------------------------
Fair Employment Practices Commission- Saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against backs seeking employment in war industries
-------------------------------------------------
11. White most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the United Mine Workers.
-------------------------------------------------
12. During World War II, labor unions substantially increased their membership.
-------------------------------------------------
13. The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
-------------------------------------------------
14. The main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at end of WWII was family obligations.
-------------------------------------------------
15. African Americans did all of the following during World War II; rally behind the slogan “Double V”, move north and west in large numbers, form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality, and serve in the Army Air Corps.
-------------------------------------------------
16. During World War II, most Americans economically experience prosperity and a doubling of personal income.
-------------------------------------------------
17. The northward migration of African Americans accelerated after World War II because mechanical cotton pickers came into use.
-------------------------------------------------
18. By the end of WWII the heart of the US’s African Americans community shifted to northern cities.
-------------------------------------------------
19. The national debt increased the most during WWII.
-------------------------------------------------
20. Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through borrowing.
-------------------------------------------------
21. The first naval battle in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of the Coral Sea.
-------------------------------------------------
22. The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of Midway.
-------------------------------------------------
23. The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains.
-------------------------------------------------
24. In waging war against Japan, the US relied mainly on the strategy of “island hopping” across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.
-------------------------------------------------
25. The conquest of Guam in 1944 was especially critical, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.
-------------------------------------------------
26. Until spring 1943, perhaps Hitler’s greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war was that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.
-------------------------------------------------
27. Hitler’s advance in European theater of war crested in the late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which his fortunes gradually declined.
-------------------------------------------------
28. The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because of British reluctance and lack of adequate resources.
-------------------------------------------------
29. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s insistence on the absolute and “unconditional surrender” of Germany eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction.
-------------------------------------------------
30. President Roosevelt’s promise to the Soviet to open a second from in western Europe by the end of 1942 was utterly impossible to keep.
-------------------------------------------------
31. Casablancaà Tehranà Potsdam
-------------------------------------------------
32. Invasion of Italyà D Dayà V-E Dayà V-J Day
-------------------------------------------------
33. The major consequence of the Allied consequence of Sicily in August 1943, was the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy’s unconditional surrender.
-------------------------------------------------
34. The real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.
-------------------------------------------------
35. At the wartime Tehran Conference plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.
-------------------------------------------------
36. The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by General Dwight Eisenhower.
-------------------------------------------------
37. In a sense, Franklin Roosevelt was the “forgotten man” at the Democratic convention in 1944 because so much attention was focused on who would gain the vice presidency.
-------------------------------------------------
38. Franklin Roosevelt won the election of 1944 primarily because the war was going well.
-------------------------------------------------
39. Hitler’s last-ditch attempt to achieve a victory against the Americans and British came in the Battle of the Bulge.
-------------------------------------------------
40. As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Japan was finished as a naval power.
-------------------------------------------------
41. The Potsdam Conference issued an ultimatum to japan to surrender or be destroyed
-------------------------------------------------
42. During World War II, American Indians moved off reservations in large numbers.
-------------------------------------------------
43. The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.
-------------------------------------------------
44. The “unconditional surrender” policy toward Japan was finally modified by agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.
-------------------------------------------------
45. A group of highly effective military and political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies, the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air, and the maintenance and re-affirmation of the strength of American democracy was among the following qualities of the American participation in World War II.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 36 The Cold War Begins
-------------------------------------------------
1. Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring mainly a return to the Depression.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by outlawing the closed (all-union) shops.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->The passage of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->On the home front in 1946, the post-war United States was characterized by an epidemic of labor strikes.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was passed to check the growing power of labor unions.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->The growth of organized labor in the post-World War II era was slowed by all of the following except the reduced number of women in the work force.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->In an effort to forestall an economic downturn, the Truman administration did all of the following except continue wartime wage and price controls.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->The post-World War II prosperity in the U.S. was most beneficial to women.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->The feminist revolt of the 1960s was sparked by a clash between the demands of the traditional role of women as wives and mothers and the realities of employment.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->The long economic boom from World War II to the 1970s was fueled primarily by low energy costs.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on colossal military budgets.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->One sign of the stress that the immediate growth of post-World War II geographic mobility placed an American families was the popularity of advice books on child-rearing.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->Post-World War II American workers made spectacular gains in productivity owing to their rising educational levels.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Since 1945, the population in the United States has grown most in the Sunbelt.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->Much of the Sunbelt’s new prosperity was based on its tremendous influx of money from the federal government.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->All of the following encouraged many Americans to move to the suburbs except development of fuel-efficient automobiles.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->The rapid rise of suburbia in post-WWII America can be attributed to the baby boom, government mortgage guarantees, new highways, and “white flight”.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->By 1960, the proportion of Americans who lived in areas classified as metropolitan suburbs was approximately one out of four.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->The continued growth of the suburbs led to an increase in urban poverty.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->Population distribution after World War II followed a pattern of an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and white in major cities.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->The refusal of FHA administrators to grant home loans to blacks resulted in driving many blacks into public housing.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->The huge “baby boom” crested in the (late 1950s) and has been declining ever since.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->The baby-boom generation will create a major problem in the future by placing an enormous strain on the Social Security system.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->Harry Truman possessed all of the following personal characteristics except willingness to admit mistakes.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->The U.S. believed that it was desirable to have the Soviet Union participate in the projected invasion of Japan because Soviet help could reduce the number of American casualties.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->The origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in Eastern Europe.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->Joseph Stalin’s postwar security concerns focused primarily on Eastern Europe.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->The responsibility for starting the Cold War rests with the United States and Soviet Union.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->The earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations involved its inability to control atomic energy, especially in the manufacture of weapons.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->In regard to postwar Germany, the Big Three allies agreed that high-ranking Nazis should be tried and punished for war crimes.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->When the Soviet Union the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of containment.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->The postwar policies adopted by the Truman administration toward the Soviet Union were based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was inherently expansionist.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->The immediate concern that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to events in Greece and Turkey.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->Under the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. pledged to support those who were resisting subjugation by communists.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->Point Four - aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa


NATO - resist Soviet military threat


Truman Doctrine - assist communist-threatened Greece and Turkey


Marshall Plan - promote economic recovery of Europe


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->37. <!--[endif]-->Truman’s defenders argue that he exaggerated the Soviet threat because he received bad intelligence from the CIA.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->38. <!--[endif]-->President Truman’s Marshall Plan called for military aid for Europe.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->39. <!--[endif]-->The Marshall Plan finally passed Congress largely because it was perceived there as economically beneficial to the United States.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->40. <!--[endif]-->All of the following objected to President Truman’s support for the establishment of Israel except America’s European allies.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except help reintegrate Germany into the European family.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->The U.S.’ participation in NATO reaffirmed our long-standing commitment to the defense of Europe, marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism, reduced the need for increased military spending, and helped to resolve the problem of Germany.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->Postwar Japan had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze-dong mainly because Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->45. <!--[endif]-->In an effort to detect communists within the government, President Harry Truman established the Loyalty Review Board.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->46. <!--[endif]-->In 1948, many southern Democrats split from the party because President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->47. <!--[endif]-->J. Strom Thurmond - States’ Rights


Henry Wallace - Progressive


Harry S Truman - Democratic


Thomas E. Dewey - Republican


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->48. <!--[endif]-->In chronological order: Berlin airlift, fall of China, Korean War.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->49. <!--[endif]-->President Truman’s domestic legislative plan was dubbed the Fair Deal.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->50. <!--[endif]-->President Truman’s action upon hearing of the invasion of South Korea illustrated his commitment to a foreign policy of containment.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->NSC-68 called for a massive increase in military spending.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->52. <!--[endif]-->The NSC-68 document reflected the American belief in the limitless capabilities of the American economy and society.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->53. <!--[endif]-->In chronological order: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO.


-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->54. <!--[endif]-->President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when MacArthur began to take issue publicly with presidential policies.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 37 The Eisenhower Era
-------------------------------------------------
1. Prospects for a Democratic victory in the 1952 presidential election were poor for all of the following reasons except Truman’s refusal to seek another term.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Richard Nixon was selected as Dwight Eisenhower’s vice-presidential running mate in 1952 as a concession to the hard-line anticommunists.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->During the 1952 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower declared that he would (personally got to Korea) to help to end the Korean War.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->In terms of politics, television did all of the following except enable political parties to continue their role of educating and mobilizing the electorate.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Dwight Eisenhower’s greatest asset as president was his enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Among anticommunists, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was the one who most damaged free speech.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower’s strongest commitment during his presidency was to social harmony.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->In response to Senator McCarthy, President Eisenhower privately supported him but publicly kept his distance.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->Senator McCarthy rose to national prominence by charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the State Department
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->As a result of Senator McCarthy’s crusade against communist subversion in the U.S., the State Department lost a number of Asian specialists who might have might have counseled a wiser course in Vietnam.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->Senator McCarthy’s anti-communist crusade ended when he alleged that there were communists in the Army.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->The new militancy and restlessness among many members of the African-American community after 1945 was generated by World War II.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except appeals to foreign governments to pressure the U.S. to establish racial justice.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Orval Faubus is the least related to nonviolent direct action, Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery bus boycott.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->The Supreme Court began to advance the cause of civil rights in the 1950s because Congress had abdicated its responsibilities by refusing to deal with the issue.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court declared that the concept of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racially segregated school systems “inherently unequal” was Brown vs. Board of Education
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower had criticized President Truman’s call for establishing a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->As president, Eisenhower supported the transfer of control over offshore oil from the states to the federal government.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->President Eisenhower defined the domestic philosophy of his administration as “dynamic conservatism”.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->Eisenhower’s policies toward Native Americans included a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->The bracero program between the U.S. and Mexico involved legally importing Mexican farm workers to the U.S.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->During his presidency, Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of the Social Security system.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->As a part of his “New Look” foreign policy, Eisenhower called for “open skies” over both the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->The largest public works project during Eisenhower’s presidency was construction of the interstate highway system.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->President Eisenhower’s “New Look” foreign policy in the 1950s planned for greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the U.S. under Eisenhower did nothing to help to defeat the communists.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->The leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam since World War I was Ho Chi Minh.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->The 1955 Geneva Conference established a permanent division of Vietnam.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->The Cold War seemed to thaw a little when, in 1955, the Soviet Union agreed to end its military occupation of Austria.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->In 1956, the U.S. condemned (Britain and France) as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both Iran and Guatemala.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of (the Middle East) that wanted help to resist communist aggression.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->During his second term, President Eisenhower took a more active personal role than before in governing the country because he recognized that only he had the experience to deal with the Soviets.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, the U.S. spend nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->The Landrum-Griffith Act is least related to the launching of Sputnik, National Defense Education Act, the “missile gap”, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->37. <!--[endif]-->The Paris summit conference scheduled for 1960 was aborted by the U-2 incident.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->38. <!--[endif]-->By the end of the 1950s, Latin American anger toward the U.S. had intensified because Washington had done all of the following except allow Cuba to fall into the hands of the communists.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->39. <!--[endif]-->What may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was his televised debates with Richard Nixon.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->40. <!--[endif]-->When Eisenhower left the presidency in 1961, it was noted that his second term had produced little of value, since he was a “lame duck”.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->The affluent life-style developed in America during the 1950s was stimulated mainly by the new technology of television.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->All of the following were harbingers of the emerging new life-style of leisure and affluence except the maturity of radio.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->Compared to World War I, the literary outpouring from World War II can be best described as less realistic.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Many of the better known American poets in the post-World War II era ended their lives through suicide.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->45. <!--[endif]-->In the 1950s, the key to economic growth rested in electronics.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->46. <!--[endif]-->In the 1950s, the work force began to change when white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar workers.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->47. <!--[endif]-->Between 1950 and 1980, the majority of newly created jobs in the clerical and service fields were held by women.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->48. <!--[endif]-->Sports reflected the population shift toward the West and the South when baseball’s Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants moved to the California.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->49. <!--[endif]-->Several critics of the new consumerism of the 1950s charged that the American people had developed into a generation of conformists.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->50. <!--[endif]-->In chronological order: fall of Dienbienphu, Suez crisis, marines sent to Lebanon.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->The rapid upsurge in the employment of women after 1945 can be attributed mainly to the acceptance of women in management positions.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->52. <!--[endif]-->In her book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan discusses the stifling boredom of suburban housewifery.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 38 The Stormy Sixties
-------------------------------------------------
1. When he became attorney general, Robert Kennedy wanted to refocus the attention of the FBI on organized crime and civil rights.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->When he took office in 1961, President Kennedy chose to try to stimulate the sluggish economy through a tax cut.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->In the early 1960s, as leader of France, Charles de Gaulle feared American control over European affairs.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->The 1962 Trade Expansion Act reduced American tariffs.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->John F. Kennedy’s strategy of “flexible response” called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope and importance of a crisis.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->While it seemed sane enough, John F. Kennedy’s doctrine of flexible response potentially lowered the level at which diplomacy would give way to shooting.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->American military forces entered Vietnam in order to prevent Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime from falling to the communists.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->The Alliance for Progress was intended to improve the level of economic well-being in Latin America.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->Bay of Pigs is the least related to Tet, Pleiku, Gulf of Tonkin, and Operation Rolling Thunder.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, President Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of that island.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->The Cuban missile crisis resulted in all of the following except U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at Guantanamo.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->In a speech at American University in 1963, President Kennedy recommended the adoption of a policy toward the Soviet Union based on peaceful coexistence.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->At first, John F. Kennedy moved very slowly in the area of racial justice because he needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic and social legislation.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->John Kennedy joined hands with the civil rights movement when he sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->Critics of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren complained that the Court was ignoring the Constitution in favor of its own social values.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->President Kennedy ordered hundreds of federal marshals and thousands of federal troops to force the racial integration of the University of Mississippi.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->By mid-1963, President John F. Kennedy’s position on civil rights can best be described as committed to finding a solution to this moral issue.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->At the time of his death, President John Kennedy’s civil rights bill was making little headway.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->The official government investigation of John F. Kennedy’s assassination was led by Earl Warren.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->President Kennedy’s alleged assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at working with Congress.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the Great Society.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->With the passage of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their loyalty to the Kennedy legacy; faith in the Great Society promises; fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater; and trust in Johnson’s Vietnam policy.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->Lyndon Johnson channeled educational aid to public and parochial schools.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson’s administration except the Peace Corps.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs won some noteworthy battles in education and health care.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except requiring “affirmative action” against discrimination.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the Twenty-fourth Amendment.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->Beginning in 1964, the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the South was to secure the right to vote.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, white southerners began to court black votes.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized the more militant and confrontational phase of the civil rights movement.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->Black leaders in the 1960s included (Martin Luther King, Jr.), an advocate of peaceable resistance;(Malcolm X), who favored black separatism; and (Stokely Carmichael), an advocate of “Black Power.”
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on economic demands.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->Some advocates of Black Power insisted that their slogan stood for all of the following except violence.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->37. <!--[endif]-->By 1972, integrated classrooms were most common in the South.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->38. <!--[endif]-->Aerial bombardment in Vietnam strengthened the communists’ will to resist.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->39. <!--[endif]-->“Operation Rolling Thunder” was the code name for American bombing raids on North Vietnam.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->40. <!--[endif]-->The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson’s Vietnam policy was the Tet offensive of 1968.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed a police riot against antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->The third-party candidate for president in 1968 was George Wallace.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should continue the war in pursuit of an “honorable peace.”
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->45. <!--[endif]-->The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s had deep historical roots in American culture.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->46. <!--[endif]-->The “three P’s” that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->47. <!--[endif]-->The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 39 The Stalemated Seventies
-------------------------------------------------
1. One reason for the decline of American workers’ productivity during the 1970s was the general shift in the economy from manufacturing to services.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->By the early 1970s, the post-World War II economic boom had crested as a result of all of the following except the economic recovery of Japan and Germany.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->The high inflation rate of the 1970s stemmed primarily from Lyndon Johnson’s refusal to raise taxes for spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that the U.S. would honor its existing defense commitment, but that in the future its allies would have to fight their own wars without large numbers of American troops.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Perhaps Nixon’s most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his expertise in foreign affairs.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->President Nixon’s policy of “Vietnamization” of the war in Vietnam called for a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->Richard Nixon’s Vietnam policy included all of the following except increased American troop commitments.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of the least privileged young Americans.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->The (26th) Amendment (lowered) the voting age to (18)
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->The Pentagon Papers, published in 1971, documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->President Nixon’s chief foreign-policy adviser was Henry Kissinger.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->Richard Nixon’s policy of détente ushered in an ear of relaxed tensions between the U.S. and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->The decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflected its deep concern for the individual.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->In Griswold vs. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple’s right to use contraceptives based on the right to privacy.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->Critics of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren complained that the Court was ignoring the Constitution in favor of its own social values.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon supported significant expansion in many areas.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->Richard Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black apprentices.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->The difference between Lyndon Johnson’s affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was that Johnson intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->All of the following are legacies of Richard Nixon’s presidency except the Food Stamp program.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Nixon imposed a ninety-day wage-and-price freeze.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->As president, Richard Nixon succeeded in implementing the Supplemental Security Income program.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working-class backbone of the Democratic party by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, and youth.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->George McGovern, the Democratic party’s presidential nominee in 1972, appealed most strongly to the antiwar movement.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->The Watergate scandals caused by the actions of Richard Nixon’s staff in the 1972 presidential campaign involved all of the following except ballot stuffing.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973, the U.S. was to withdraw all of its troops from Vietnam.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign in 1973 after being accused of accepting bribes.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->During the Senate Watergate hearings, one of the most damaging revelations for Richard Nixon was that his conversations in person and on the telephone had been recorded on tape.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->The 1973 War Powers Act required the president to report to Congress any commitment American troops.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->As a result of Richard Nixon’s aerial bombing of neutral Cambodia in 1973, the Cambodian economy was ruined and its politics revolutionized.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria, Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->In an effort to counter OPEC, the U.S. took the lead in forming the International Energy Agency.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that he had executive privilege (confidentiality).
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->The most controversial action of Gerald Ford’s presidency was pardoning Nixon for any known or unknown crimes he had committed during the Nixon presidency.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of thirty-four nations, pledge signatories to guarantee certain basic human rights.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->The people of the U.S. had provided just about everything for South Vietnam except the will to win the war.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->In the Vietnam conflict, the U.S. lost respect in the eyes of foreigners, confidence in its military prowess, economic power, and the war
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->37. <!--[endif]-->The one major social movement born in the 1960s that regained and gathered momentum in the 1970s and after was the feminist movement.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->38. <!--[endif]-->Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->39. <!--[endif]-->The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex.”
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->40. <!--[endif]-->The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they violated a woman’s constitutional right to privacy in her own person.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because an antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->The most explosive racial controversy of the 1970s was over busing.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken vs. Bradley that integration did not have to take place across school district lines was to reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all white suburbs.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->The Supreme Court in the Bakke case held that racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in college admissions.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->45. <!--[endif]-->American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->46. <!--[endif]-->The major goal successfully pursued by Indian civil rights activists in the 1970s was a recognition of the semi-sovereign status of the various Indian tribes under American law.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->47. <!--[endif]-->The first wave of Vietnamese refugees who came to the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Vietnam War were first forced into “assimilation cams” scattered across the country.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->48. <!--[endif]-->A primary goal of both the first and second wave of Vietnamese refugees was to keep their large extended families together.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->49. <!--[endif]-->James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because his emphasis on honesty contrasted with the corruptions of Watergate.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->50. <!--[endif]-->The guiding principle of President Carter’s foreign policy was human rights.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->President Jimmy Carter’s most spectacular foreign policy achievement was the Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->52. <!--[endif]-->President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->53. <!--[endif]-->The term “second wave feminism” refers to those like Betty Friedan who revived feminism in the 1960s and 1970s as a broad movement for women’s rights and opportunities
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->54. <!--[endif]-->Moderate and radical feminists differed over all the following issues except women’s right to choose abortion
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->55. <!--[endif]-->The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->56. <!--[endif]-->Boycotting the 1980 Olympic Games was one measure taken by President Carter in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->57. <!--[endif]-->In chronological order: Arab oil embargo, fall of Saigon, Iranian hostage crisi, invasion of Afghanistan.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 40 The Resurgence of Conservatism
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1. In the 1980 national elections, Edward Kennedy challenged incumbent President Carter for the nomination of the Democratic party.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Liberal Democrats complained that Jimmy Carter had removed regulatory controls from major industries.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Edward Kennedy’s campaign to take the presidential nomination away from Jimmy Carter in 1980 was handicapped by lingering suspicions about his involvement in an automobile accident in which a young woman was killed.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->The “new right” movement that helped to elect Ronald Reagan was spearheaded by evangelical Christians.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->Many of the new right activists were most concerned about cultural or social issues.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Birth control was not a primary concern for the new right.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->The neoconservatives of the 1980s believed in all of the following except détente with the Soviet Union.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan was similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt in that both men championed the “common man” against vast, impersonal menaces.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan differed from Franklin D. Roosevelt in that Roosevelt branded big business as the enemy of the common man, while Reagan depicted big government as the foe.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan began to abandon his liberal New Deal political philosophy and to espouse a conservative, antigovernment line when he became a spokesman for General Electric.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->The strong “tax revolt” against extensive government programs and spending was spurred by the passage of Proposition 13 in California.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->Despite his failure in the White House, President Jimmy Carter earned widespread admiration in his post-presidential years for his humanitarian and human rights activities.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan’s essential domestic goal as president was to dismantle the welfare state and shrink the size of the federal government.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan planned to reduce the size of government by shrinking the federal budget and lower taxes.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->Conservative Democrats who helped Ronald Reagan to pass his budget and tax-cutting legislation were called boll weevils.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->Besides cutting the federal budget, Reagan’s other main domestic initiative when he took office was cut taxes by about 25 percent.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan’s “supply side” economic advisors assured him that the combination of budgetary discipline and tax reduction would do all of the following except produce a recession-proof economy.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->The first results of Reagan’s supply-side economics in 1982 was a sharp recession and rise in unemployment.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->The term “yuppies” was slang applied to young people who volunteered for service in the inner city.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->The immediate consequence of President Reagan’s new economic policies was a deep though temporary economic recession.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->In the 1980s, for the first time in the 20th century, income gaps widened between the richest and the poorest Americans.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->One consequence of the record-high deficits and high interest rates of the 1980s was a soaring value for the dollar.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->Some economists believe that the economic upturn in the 1980s was the result of massive military expenditures.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->To President Reagan, “the focus of evil in the modern world” was the Soviet Union.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->The first woman to receive the vice-presidential nomination of a major political party was Geraldine Ferraro.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->For the Soviet Union’s new policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to work, it was essential that the Cold War end.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->The Iran-contra investigations revealed Ronald Reagan as a president who napped through cabinet meetings.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->The greatest increase in the national debt occurred during Ronald Reagan’s eight years in office.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->In 1986 Congress passed legislation mandating a balanced budget by 1991.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->Ronald Reagan’s highest political objective as president was the containment and then shrinkage of the welfare state.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->The “new right” developed many of it tactical approaches by imitating the methods of the New Left.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->The first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court was Sandra Day O’Connor.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->In response to China’s crushing of its prodemocracy movement, the U.S. under George Bush maintained normal relations with China.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->The Democrats’ hopes for the 1988 election rose sharply because of major scandals in the Reagan administration involving the Iran-Contra affair and savings-and-loan banks.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->“Solidarity” was a massive working-class labor union of Polish dissidents.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->Israel badly strained its bonds of friendship with the U.S. by failing to protect American troops in Lebanon adequately.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->37. <!--[endif]-->In 1983 President Reagan sent U.S. marines to (Lebanon) as part of an international peacekeeping force; many of them died in a terrorist attack.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->38. <!--[endif]-->President Reagan came to be labeled the “Teflon president” because he seemed always to be able to avoid blame for failed policies.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->39. <!--[endif]-->During Reagan’s presidency, U.S. troops invaded Grenada.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->40. <!--[endif]-->The issue that dominated Reagan’s second term was foreign policy.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->As one consequence of the demise of the Soviet Union, long-suppressed ethnic and racial hatreds flared in the former Soviet republics.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->Modern conservatism springs from a disapproval of priorities and strategies from the Great society.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->43. <!--[endif]-->Seizing control of colleges and universities was not among the ways that the “New Right” of the 1980s imitated the tactics and approaches of the “New Left” of the 1960s.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->The Supreme Court cases of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey permitted states to place restrictions on abortion.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->45. <!--[endif]-->Among the Democrats whom Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis defeated for the party’s nomination to run against George Bush in 1988 were Gary Hart and Jesse Jackson.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->46. <!--[endif]-->In response to the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George H.W. Bush called for a “new world order” where democracies would reign supreme and diplomacy would replace weaponry.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->47. <!--[endif]-->The U.S. joined its allies in the Persian Gulf War in order to roll back Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->48. <!--[endif]-->The result of the Persian Gulf War was that Kuwait was liberated but Saddam Hussein stayed in power.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->49. <!--[endif]-->The explosive Senate hearings that nearly prevented Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas from being confirmed involved charges that Thomas was guilty of sexual harassment.

* -------------------------------------------------
Chapter 41 America Confronts the Post-Cold War Era
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1. The Branch Davidians were a fundamentalist sect assaulted by the federal government.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->In the 1992 national elections, Democratic candidate Bill Clinton campaigned as a “new Democrat” who proposed to move away from his party’s traditional liberalism.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Relations with America’s allies Germany and France were notamong the areas where President Clinton’s foreign policy stumbled in the first years of his presidency.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->Two of Clinton’s early political blunders occurred in the areas of gays in the military and health care.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->A widespread public attitude of the early 1990s that affected many areas of politics and society was disillusionment and distrust of the federal government.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->President Clinton aroused the hostility of liberals within his own party when he signed the Welfare Reform Bill.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7. <!--[endif]-->After they gained control of both houses of Congress in the 1994 mid-term elections, the Republicans overreached with conservative policies that bred a backlash favoring President Clinton.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8. <!--[endif]-->President Clinton’s approach to the controversial policy of affirmative action was a plea to “mend it, not end it.”
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9. <!--[endif]-->Bill Clinton’s primary political advantage throughout his two terms of office was the tremendously prosperous economy.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10. <!--[endif]-->Relations with America’s allies Germany and France was not among the areas where President Clinton’s foreign policy stumbled in the first years of his presidency.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11. <!--[endif]-->President Clinton attempted to promote peace negotiations and better relations among all of the following except China and Taiwan.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->The two articles of impeachment passed by the House of Representatives against President Clinton charged him with perjury and obstruction of justice.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13. <!--[endif]-->President Clinton’s primary political legacy was that he consolidated the Reagan-Bush revolution by encouraging reduced expectations of government.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->One highly unusual issue in the 2000 presidential campaign between Al Gore and George W. Bush was how to spend the huge federal budget surpluses.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15. <!--[endif]-->The Supreme Court’s ruling prohibiting further recounting of Florida’s votes and awarding the 2000 election to George W. Bush was based on a finding that Florida’s inconsistent standards for evaluating ballots violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->16. <!--[endif]-->In his campaign for the presidency in 2000, George W. Bush promised to bring reconciliation after the sharp partisan divisions of the Clinton years.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->Appointing extreme conservatives to the Supreme Court was not among the polarizing conservative policies that George W. Bush pursued when he assumed the presidency.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->18. <!--[endif]-->The original hoe of Osama bin Ladin, the organizer of Al Qaeda and presumed organizer of the September 11 attacks was Saudi Arabia.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->19. <!--[endif]-->The new cabinet-level agency charged with protecting America against foreign terrorist attacks was the Department of Homeland Security.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->The USA-Patriot Act provided for, among other things, the detention and deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->To President George W. Bush, “the axis of evil” that menaced American security consisted of the nations of Iran, Iraq, and Libya.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->22. <!--[endif]-->Among Bush’s advisors who pushed most strongly for the invasion of Iraq were Vice President Richard Cheney and administration “neoconservatives.”
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->23. <!--[endif]-->After ousting Saddam Hussein from power, the U.S. Military in Iraq was faced with violent resistance from Iraqi insurgents and foreign militants drawn to the country.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->24. <!--[endif]-->In two affirmative action cases involving the University of Michigan decided in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that numerical formulas for minority admission were unacceptable but flexible individually-based procedures were constitutional.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->25. <!--[endif]-->In 2003 California voters used the 100-year old procedure of (recall) to select a new governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->26. <!--[endif]-->In June 2004, the United States handed over (political power and limited sovereignty) to the new interim government of Iraq.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->27. <!--[endif]-->The primary issue that enabled Bill Clinton to defeat President Bush and Ross Perot in the 1992 elections was Bush’s management of a seriously slumping economy.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->One of Bill Clinton’s few early successes in advancing his reform agenda during his first term was the Brady gun control bill.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->29. <!--[endif]-->The leader of the right-wing movement that won a sweeping victory for Republicans in the 1994 Congressional elections was Newt Gingrich.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->30. <!--[endif]-->Facing a Republican Congress during his second term, Bill Clinton embraced more cautious and conservative policies, including notably his support for a welfare reform bill.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->31. <!--[endif]-->The Clinton foreign policy in Africa, the Balkans, and China was marked by great caution and a reluctance to engage American diplomatic or military power.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->32. <!--[endif]-->The two charges on which President Clinton was impeached and then acquitted after a Senate trial in January and February 1999 were perjury before a grand jury and obstruction of justice.
-------------------------------------------------
<!--[if !supportLists]-->33. <!--[endif]-->As President, Clinton’s legacy would likely include consolidating the Reagan-Bush revolution of lowered expectations for government’s ability to solve social ills.
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->The razor-thin election of 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was finally resolved when the U.S. Supreme Court ended further vote recounts in Florida, giving Bush the electoral victory.