"Out of Many" APUSH - Chapter 18
Oklahoma Land Rush
Oklahoma Indian Territory
5 civilized tribes –Cherokees, Chickasaw, Choctaws, Creek, Seminole
Land Rush on “No Man’s Land” – April 22, 1889 – white settlers given opportunity to settle far western portion of OK
Curtis Act 1889 – formally ended Indian communal land ownership thereby legally dissolving Indian Territory
Oklahoma – “land of the Red Man”
At the close of the Civil War 360,000 Indians still lived in Trans-Miss. West. Most in Great Plains.
Plain Indians used guns, horses, relied on Buffalo
Sioux & Buffalo – gunpowder, improved guns, hunting by non-Indian traders led to rapid decline in Buffalo population. Exterminating of Buffalo sometimes encouraged by US Army Commanders to bring the Sioux to a point of desperation and cooperation.
Sioux – “fight or die”
Many tribes took dramatic steps towards assimilation.
Cherokee – learned English, converted to Christianity, established a Constitutional Republic, and adopted yeoman-like lifestyle
Bureau of Indian Affairs – in exchange for agreeing to live in defined zones (reservations) – Bureau would take care of basic needs and provide guidance.
Sometimes corrupt govt. officials withheld relief/supplies for personal gain.
Medicine Lodge Treaty 1867 – Comanche, Kiowa, Apaches, Cheyenne, Arapahoe moved into reservations in existing Indian Territory (Sioux, Shoshone, Bannocks) . Conditions and cooperation between tribes caused hardships.
Indian Wars
Cheyenne – Chief Black Kettle v. Colorado Volunteers
Colorado territorial governor John Evans terminates all treaties with tribes in CO.
Black Kettle went to US fort for protection – they were given orders to set up at Sand Creek
There they were attacked by Colorado Volunteers – 133 dead – Sand Creek Massacre
Retaliatory raids followed
Great Sioux War – 1865-67
Sioux Warrior, Red Cloud fought US forces to a stalemate in Wyoming.
Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1868 – temporary peace
Sioux were allowed to inhabit their sacred land the
Oklahoma Indian Territory
5 civilized tribes –Cherokees, Chickasaw, Choctaws, Creek, Seminole
Land Rush on “No Man’s Land” – April 22, 1889 – white settlers given opportunity to settle far western portion of OK
Curtis Act 1889 – formally ended Indian communal land ownership thereby legally dissolving Indian Territory
Oklahoma – “land of the Red Man”
At the close of the Civil War 360,000 Indians still lived in Trans-Miss. West. Most in Great Plains.
Plain Indians used guns, horses, relied on Buffalo
Sioux & Buffalo – gunpowder, improved guns, hunting by non-Indian traders led to rapid decline in Buffalo population. Exterminating of Buffalo sometimes encouraged by US Army Commanders to bring the Sioux to a point of desperation and cooperation.
Sioux – “fight or die”
Many tribes took dramatic steps towards assimilation.
Cherokee – learned English, converted to Christianity, established a Constitutional Republic, and adopted yeoman-like lifestyle
Bureau of Indian Affairs – in exchange for agreeing to live in defined zones (reservations) – Bureau would take care of basic needs and provide guidance.
Sometimes corrupt govt. officials withheld relief/supplies for personal gain.
Medicine Lodge Treaty 1867 – Comanche, Kiowa, Apaches, Cheyenne, Arapahoe moved into reservations in existing Indian Territory (Sioux, Shoshone, Bannocks) . Conditions and cooperation between tribes caused hardships.
Indian Wars
Cheyenne – Chief Black Kettle v. Colorado Volunteers
Colorado territorial governor John Evans terminates all treaties with tribes in CO.
Black Kettle went to US fort for protection – they were given orders to set up at Sand Creek
There they were attacked by Colorado Volunteers – 133 dead – Sand Creek Massacre
Retaliatory raids followed
Great Sioux War – 1865-67
Sioux Warrior, Red Cloud fought US forces to a stalemate in Wyoming.
Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1868 – temporary peace
Sioux were allowed to inhabit their sacred land the