Contraindications: hypersensitivity to drug, relatively contraindicated if active ulcer disease or asthma, not indicated for peds…
COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. It is typically caused by inhaled irritants such as tobacco smoke. It is a chronic inflammation of the airways, lung tissue, and pulmonary blood vessels. It limits air flow and is irreversible. The inflammation causes excess mucus production. This results in chronic cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. The inflammation response is caused by a grouping of cells in the airways from neutrophils, T-lmyphocytes, and other inflammatory cells that trigger…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult. The two main factors that cause COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. “In emphysema, the walls between many of the air sacs are damaged. As a result, the air sacs lose their shape and become floppy. This damage also can destroy the walls of the air sacs, leading to fewer and larger air sacs instead of many tiny ones. If this happens, the amount of gas exchange in the lungs is reduced. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken. Lots of thick mucus forms in the airways, making it hard to breathe. (What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?)”. Patients with COPD are diagnosed by a physical examination, chest radiograph, pulmonary function test, blood gas analysis CT scan and arterial blood gases (Huether and McCance, Pg. 683 and 684). Treatment of COPD includes the use of inhaled anticholinergic, beta agonist, and corticosteroids. Pulmonary therapy, improved nutrition and breathing techniques can improve symptoms. If those treatments fail, then oxygen therapy must be started to ensure the patient is not hypoxic.…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, non-reversible disease that makes breathing difficult. COPD is characterized by coughing, often productive; wheezing; shortness of breath; and chest tightness. The leading cause of COPD is cigarette smoking (National Institutes of Health, 2013). While 85 % of COPD patients are or were smokers, only 10-25 percent of smokers develop COPD, suggesting that a genetic predisposition may also be a factor (Warren, 2012). COPD is the third leading cause of death and major cause of disability in the United States (National Institutes of Health, 2013).…
Systemic manifestations and Comorbidities of COPD It defines Comorbidities' existence of each disease entity separate addition, during the clinical course of a disease object office [1]. The presence of Comorbidities has prognostic value with respect to survival, but also compared with the functional state. As with other chronic diseases, the prevalence of Comorbidities in elderly COPD is extremely high, the severity of Comorbidities and their impact on the various health status of the patient and patient and in the same subject over time, potentially in that so influence the clinical picture and especially the results. The Cigarette smoking is the most important and best recognized risk factor for COPD, is also a major risk factor for other chronic diseases and neoplasm [2]. Comorbidities for COPD…
Asthma BTS-revised 2014 GINA- 2014 Definition • Heterogenous disease (variable respiratory symptoms, characterised by chronic airway inflammation • Defined by history of wheeze, cough, SOB and chest tighntness • Variable expiratory airflow limitation (GINA) • Recurrent symptoms of wheeze, SOB, Cough, chest tightness • Variable airflow obstruction (BTS)…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a sever condition which has landed third place in the leading causes of death in the United States. According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization (2004) COPD affects about 64 million people and have cause as much as 3 million people. According to health care professionals some people either have chronic bronchitis or emphysema and there are others which have both, although both of…
The purpose of this paper is to discuss an exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its effect on my patient, Mr. HS, a 78 year old male. In this paper we will look at the various facets in the disease process including its incidence, pathophysiology, presenting complaints, analysis of his clinical presentation, and discuss treatment. We will analyze the effect the disease process has on Mr. HS and will examine his clinical manifestations and laboratory work, as well as provide an outcome analysis. Understanding these various facets will enable one to understand various long term effects of this chronic disease process.…
Within the confines of this assignment, it is the hope of the author that the reader will obtain an understanding of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This will be achieved by bringing the reader through the patients’ illness journey. The assignment will begin by defining COPD and briefly going through the pathophysiology and incidents of the condition. From there the reader will embark on the journey, starting with diagnosis.…
Asthma is just a general term for what is going on, there are three types of asthma. Each asthma name base off of what triggers the asthma attack. The three types of asthma are allergic asthma, mixed asthma and idiopathic asthma. Allergic asthma occur due to an irritants such as allergens trigger the asthma attack. This occurs due to the fact that the allergens aren’t recognized by our body’s immune system. Since it is unrecognizable it causes the white blood cells in our body to recognize it as a threat. This then promotes our helper T cells to activate the production of B cells which then causes antibiotics to be made. The production of the B cells signals the thymus to make more lymphocytes. The allergens have often just settled within our airway. The production of more white blood cells (specifically immunoglobulin E cells) causes the area to become inflamed. The inflammation of the airway causes the bronchioles to contract (get tighter) which leads to the patient to have trouble with breathing. Allergens such as pet dander, pollens, spores and dust mites are usually responsible for setting off an allergic asthma attack. The second type of asthma is idiopathic asthma. The reason why this is called idiopathic asthma is due to the fact that the exact reason why it is triggered during specific events is unknown. Idiopathic asthma is usually triggered by respiratory infection, exercises and emotional upsets. These thing can lead to an asthma attack due to the fact that they can cause the bronchioles to…
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease impacting the lungs, making it increasingly hard to breathe. The two main forms of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The majority of people who suffer from COPD have a combination of both forms which leads to long-term coughing with excessive mucus and progressive lung damage.…
•A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling (wheezing is a common sign of asthma in children)…
Asthma and emphysema are both known as obstructive lung diseases. Obstructive lung disease occurs when the airway is obstructed and is worse with expiration. For example, more force is required to exhale and emptying the lungs is slowed (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 689). The most common type of obstructive lung diseases are asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Although, they are categorized as obstructive lung disease they have many similarities in that they have similar symptoms such as wheezing, increased work of breathing, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and decreased forced expiratory volume in one second (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 689). We will go into more detail about the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment…
LeMone, P., Lillis, C., Lynn, P., & Taylor, C. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins…
1.) The organ system asthma affect is the respiratory system (the lungs). Asthma is diagnosed based on medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test result. During an asthma attack the person have an acute episodes when the airways in their lungs become narrow and becomes more difficult to breath. The lungs and airways overreact to certain triggers, in which the lining of the airways become swollen and inflamed, tightness of the chest, and increased of mucus in the lungs. It is harder to breath and may hurt too. Coughing and wheezing are common in asthma. Wheezing occurs because the rush of air moves through the narrowed airways. There are two types of medication to treat asthma.…