Biochemistry Quiz Paper
1. Which of the following statements about the immune system is TRUE? A. Specific immune defenses are innate (pre-existing) B. Non-specific immune defenses are not innate: they are activated by exposure to foreign antigens C. Non-specific immune defenses require involvement of T-cells and B-cells D. Non-specific immune defenses include fever and the body’s inflammatory response E. None of the above 2. Which of the following does NOT occur during inflammatory response? F. Cell lyses by the insertion of MAC (membrane attack complex) into the plasma membrane of microorganisms G. Leukocytosis H. Redness and heat I. Swelling and pain 3. How do complement proteins in the blood plasma help provide immunity?
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J. C3b proteins enhance inflammation K. C3a proteins cause cell lyses/destruction by MAC (membrane attack complex) L. C3b proteins bind to and coat antibody-antigen complexes, and this coating enhances phagocytosis M. All the above 4. Interferons N. are hormones releases by helper T cells O. block virus entry into cells P. are part of the body’s specific immune system Q. block virus reproduction R. None of the above 5. Which of the following statements about complement is FALSE? S. It includes a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state T. It can be activated by the presence of antigen-antibody complexes U. Activated complement proteins stimulate proliferation of cytotoxic T cells V. Activated complement proteins enhance the inflammatory response W. None of the above 6. Agglutination occur when antibodies X. bind to numerous cell-bound antigens Y. prevent antigens from binding to an injuring cells Z. bind to numerous soluble antigens [. All the above \. None of the above 7. Which of the following is FALSE regarding antibodies? ]. They are produced by activated B lymphocytes known as plasma cells ^. Each antibody consists of 2 polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds _. They have variable regions that can bind antigens `. They can coat a microorganism and provide binding sites that help macrophages and neutrophils phagocytize the organism a. They are divided into five classes: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE 8. During secondary immune response b. fewer antibodies are produced than during primary immune response c. memory b cells are activated by antigen exposure d. antibodies are produces for a shorter duration than during a primary immune response e. peak levels of antibodies are produced in 7-10 days following antigen exposure f. All of the above 9. In cellular immunity g. B cells are activated by the presence of an antigen h. Antibodies bind to bacteria, toxins and free viruses and mark them for destruction i. T cells recognize processed antigen fragments displayed on the surface of body cells j. T cells develop immunocompetence in the red bone marrow k. All the above 10. Which of the following statements about antigens is FALSE? l. Antigens are foreign substances that can cause an immune response m. Most antigens have multiple antigenic determinants n. Endogenous antigens are phagocytized by antigens representing cells o. Antigens encounter T cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues p. None of the above 11. Which of the following is FALSE regarding helper T cells? q. They can stimulate proliferation of B cells r. They secrete perforins and granzymes that kill specific target cells s. They release interleukins that stimulate other immune cells t. They can be infected and destroyed by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS u. They are effector cells of the adaptive immune system
TRUE/FALSE Choose (A) for True or (B) for False for # 12-17 12. An acute allergic response can be triggered when an antigen binds to IgE antibodies attached to basophils or mast cells (A) 13. Pyrogens insert into the cell membrane of pathogens and create holes (B) 14. B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the thymus (B) 15. Dendritic cells presents exogenous antigens to the immune system (A) 16. It is our genes, not antigens, which determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist (A) 17. Haptens require proteins carriers in order to stimulate an immune response (A) 18. Which of the following correctly lists (in order) the route of air from nasal cavity to alveoli v. w. x. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli duct, alveoli
19. Which of the following is associated with the larynx? y. “Adam’s apple” in males z. Hyaline cartilage in its walls {. Vocal cords |. Both A and B }. All the above 20. Which of the following structures has cartilage in it walls? ~. Trachea . Oropharynx . Terminal bronchioles . Alveolar ducts 21. Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomical dead space? . Nasal cavity . Trachea . Alveolar sacs . Bronchi 22. Surfactant . is produced by Type I alveolar cells . is produced by Type II alveolar cells . is produced by pseudostratified ciliated columnar lining the upper respiratory tract . is produced in the conduction zone of the lung 23. The pressure in the . pleural cavity is less than the pressure in the alveoli . atmosphere is greater than the pressure in the alveoli during inspiration . alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure during expiration . Both A and B . All the above 24. Which of the following statements in FALSE? . Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation of smooth muscle in the walls of bronchi causes bronchodilation . Bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to lung tissues . Airway resistance is highest in medium-sized bronchi . The pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood 25. During passive expiration . the diaphragm relaxes to increases intrathoracic volume . external intercostal muscles relax to increase pressure inside the lungs . the pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure . Both A and B . Both B and C 26. Which of the following would INCREASE airflow and pulmonary ventilation? .
Bronchoconstriction . Decreased lung compliance . Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of airway smooth muscle . Increase in alveolar surface tension . All the above
27. Most O2 is transported in the blood in what chemical forms? . As O2 molecules dissolved in plasma . Bound to hemoglobin inside erythrocytes . As bicarbonate ion in plasma . None of the above 28. Which of the following changes in blood would INCREASE the amount of O2 released by hemoglobin to body tissue? . Decrease in temperature . Decrease in pH . Decrease in biphophoglycerate (BPG) levels . Both A and C . None of the above
TRUE/FALSE: Choose (A) for True or (B) for False for #29-34 29. Lung compliance describes how easily the lungs can be expanded (A) 30. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the bronchioles results in an increase in airway resistance and decrease in airflow (B) 31. Oxygen is more soluble in blood plasma than carbon dioxide (B) 32. When the body is at rest, one pass of the blood through tissue capillaries typically results in 25% of oxygen molecules being released from hemoglobin
(A) 33. Diffusion of gasses between body tissues and blood in systemic capillaries elevates Po2 and lowers Pco2 in the blood (B) 34. Internal respiration takes place in the lungs (B)
35. The respiratory center, responsible for the intrinsic rate of breathing, is located in the . Alveoli . Cerebral cortex . Medulla oblongata . Diaphragm
Answer question # 36-38 based on the graph shown 36. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation if the pH decreases below 7.4? . Curve A . Curve B 37. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation if body temperature decreases below 37oC? . Curve A . Curve B 38. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation when the body is exercising vigorously? . Curve A . Curve B
39. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the layers in the wall of the digestive tract? . The myenteric nerve plexus is located in the submucosa . The serosa is the outermost layer of most of the digestive tract and is composed of connective and epithelial tissue . The submucosal nerve plexus regulates gland secretion . The muscularis externa of the small intestine is composed of a circular and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle 40. Which of the following would NOT be considered a type of mechanical digestion? . Segmentation . Chewing . Salivary amylase activity . Mixing waves (churning) of the stomach 41. Where does chemical digestion of proteins occur? . Mouth . Pancreas . Small Intestine . Large Intestine . All the above 42. Which of the following is FALSE regarding peristalsis in the esophagus? . the circular smooth muscle layer contracts above the bolus of food . The longitudinal smooth muscle layer contracts below the bolus of food . There is a wave of sequential contractions along the entire length of the esophagus in order to propel the bolus down toward the stomach . Peristalsis is controlled by conscious thought (under voluntary control) 43. Which one of the following does NOT occur in the stomach? . Waves of smooth muscle contractions aid in the chemical and physical digestion of foodstuffs . During the cephalic phase of gastric digestion, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates gastric secretions . Pepsinogen is activated and aids in the digestion of proteins . Bile aids in the digestion of lipids 44. Which of the following is NOT part of gastric juice secretion into the lumen of the stomach? . HCl . Intrinsic factor . Gastrin . Pepsinogen 45. Which of the following secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach lumen? . Mucous cells . Chief cells . Parietal cells . Enteroendocrine cells (G cells)
46. Which of the following enzymes is largely INACTIVE in the duodenum? . Chymotrypsin . Pepsin . Pancreatic amylase . Brush border enzymes 47. The parasympathetic nervous system . stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva . increases motility along the digestive tract . inhibits secretion from the pancreas . Both A and B . Both A and C 48. Which of the following is NOT a function of gastrin? . Stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by cells in gastric glands of stomach . Contracts the lower esophageal (gastroesophageal sphincter . Promotes absorption of water by the small intestine . Relaxes the pyloric sphincter 49. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the absorption of foodstuff in the small intestine? . Monosaccharides produced by protein digestion are absorbed into villi capillaries . Amino acids produced by carbohydrates digestion are absorbed into villi capillaries . Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons that enter lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) . All the above 50. Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK) . Inhibits gastric secretions . Stimulates gall bladder contractions . Contracts the sphincter of Oddi . Stimulates enzyme release from pancreatic acinar cells 51. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood supply to the liver? . The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver . The hepatic vein carries oxygen-poor/nutrient-rich blood to the liver . The hepatic portal vein carries oxygen-poor/nutrient-rich blood to the liver . Both A and B . Both A and C 52. Bile salt . are important in the emulsification of lipids in the small intestine . combine with large fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles . function to increase the surface area of fats exposed to pancreatic lipase for digestion . All the above
53. Which of the following is FALSE regarding absorption in the intestines? . Most of the water is absorbed in the small intestine . The large intestine absorbs 90% of the water that it receives from the small intestine . Bile salts assist in the absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine . Short-chain fatty acids and glycerol may be absorbed into villi blood capillaries
Choose (A) for True or (B) for False # 54-64 54. the sympathetic nervous system decreases salivary secretions (A) 55. The pancreas secretes pepsin that aids in protein digestion (B) 56. Pepsinogen is activated by HCl (A) 57. The epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx during the buccal phase of swallowing (B) 58. All the enzymes secreted from the pancreas are secreted in active form (B) 59. Mass movements occur in the large intestine and serve to push contents toward the rectum (A) 60. Parietal cells in the stomach secrete intrinsic factors (A) 61. Trypsin catalyzes the conversion of procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase (A) 62. The mucosa of the large intestine does not secrete any enzymes for chemical digestion (A) 63. Peristalsis in the large intestine is slower than the small intestine (A) 64. The internal anal sphincter is under voluntary control (B)
FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTIONS 1. Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls and found in body secretions such as tears and saliva 2. Redness and swelling of injured tissues are signs of inflammation. What change in blood vessels causes each of these symptoms? a. Swelling is due to ↑capillary permeability . b. Redness is due to vasodilation of arterioles .
3. Identify the specific immune cell described by each of the following Description | Immune cell(write name of cell) | Cell is part of | Effector cell produced by activation of CD8 T cells; it kills cancer and virus-infected cells | cytotoxic, T cells | cellular specific defenses | Cell that produces antibodies | plasma (or B) cell | humoral specific defenses | Most abundant phagocytic cell in the central nervous system | microglial cell | non-specific defenses | Effector cell produced by activation of CD4 T cells | helper T cell | cellular specific defenses | Lyses cells by releasing perforins; one of these cells can kill many difference types of pathogenic cells | natural killer cell | non-specific defenses |
4. Chemotaxis is the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site. 5. Pyrogens are chemical substances that cause fever. 6. Opsinization is the process that coats pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins, and enhances phagocytosis by making it easier for phagocytes to adhere to them.
7. Fill in the missing information in the table below Antigen Type | Which class of MHC proteins presents this antigen type on the cell surface? | Which T cells bind this antigen type? (CD4 or CD8) | Exogenous | Class II MHC | CD4 | Endogenous | Class I MHC | CD8 |
8. List four functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system: c. provides passageway for aid d. warms air e. humidifies air f. cleans air 9. What are intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures? g. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure inside the pleural cavity . h. Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the lung (alveoli) . 10. What type of epithelial tissues line the inside of the following structures: i. Laryngopharynx is lined with (nonkeratinized) stratified squamous . j. Trachea is lined with pseudostratidied (ciliated columnar) . 11. The respiratory membrane is only two cells thick. What two cells comprise this membrane? k. (type I) alveolar cells l. endothelial cell (of pulmonary capillary) 12. The respiratory is the site of: External Respiration 13. In what three chemical forms is O2 transported in the blood? m. as CO2 dissolved in plasma n. bound to hemoglobin (as carbaminohemoglobin) o. as bicarbonate (HCO3) ion 14. Match each of the following with the appropriate partial pressure.
C Inspired air
A Blood leaving alveolar capillaries
B Blood entering alveolar capillaries
A Alveoli of lungs
15. Name four muscles that contract during forced (deep) inspiration p. diaphragm q. external intercostals r. sternocleidomastoid s. pectoralis minor 16. Which phase of swallowing is under conscious control? buccal phase . 17. Complete the following table. Organ | Name one digestive ENZYME produced by this organ | This enzyme is involved in the chemical digestion of which ingested molecules? | Mouth (salivary gland) | Salivary amylase | Carbohydrates | Stomach (gastric glands) | Pepsin (or pepsinogen)Gastric lipase | ProteinsLipids | Pancreas | Trypsin Chymotrypsin CarboxypeptidasePancreatic amylasePancreatic lipasePancreatic nuclease | ProteinsCarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acids |
18. What two parts of the pharynx are shared by the respiratory and digestive tract? t. oropharynx u. laryngopharynx 19. Hepatocytes are the cells of the liver that produces bile. 20. What is the function of enterokinase? v. catalyzes conversion of trypsinogen (inactive) trypsin (active) 21. Describe three actions of secretin. w. ↑ bicarbonate ion secretion (by pancreatic duct cells) x. ↑ bile production (by liver) y. ↓ gastric secretion
22. Each of the following describes a structural part of the small intestine that increases its surface area. Name the structure corresponding to each description. z. Folds of the plasma membrane of absorption mucosal cells microvilli {. Fingerlike projections of the mucosa villi |. Deep circular fold of the mucosa & submucosa plicae circulares 23. What molecules produced by chemical digestion of the following are absorbed by the small intestine? }. monosaccharides (simple sugars) ~. amino acids
J. C3b proteins enhance inflammation K. C3a proteins cause cell lyses/destruction by MAC (membrane attack complex) L. C3b proteins bind to and coat antibody-antigen complexes, and this coating enhances phagocytosis M. All the above 4. Interferons N. are hormones releases by helper T cells O. block virus entry into cells P. are part of the body’s specific immune system Q. block virus reproduction R. None of the above 5. Which of the following statements about complement is FALSE? S. It includes a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state T. It can be activated by the presence of antigen-antibody complexes U. Activated complement proteins stimulate proliferation of cytotoxic T cells V. Activated complement proteins enhance the inflammatory response W. None of the above 6. Agglutination occur when antibodies X. bind to numerous cell-bound antigens Y. prevent antigens from binding to an injuring cells Z. bind to numerous soluble antigens [. All the above \. None of the above 7. Which of the following is FALSE regarding antibodies? ]. They are produced by activated B lymphocytes known as plasma cells ^. Each antibody consists of 2 polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds _. They have variable regions that can bind antigens `. They can coat a microorganism and provide binding sites that help macrophages and neutrophils phagocytize the organism a. They are divided into five classes: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE 8. During secondary immune response b. fewer antibodies are produced than during primary immune response c. memory b cells are activated by antigen exposure d. antibodies are produces for a shorter duration than during a primary immune response e. peak levels of antibodies are produced in 7-10 days following antigen exposure f. All of the above 9. In cellular immunity g. B cells are activated by the presence of an antigen h. Antibodies bind to bacteria, toxins and free viruses and mark them for destruction i. T cells recognize processed antigen fragments displayed on the surface of body cells j. T cells develop immunocompetence in the red bone marrow k. All the above 10. Which of the following statements about antigens is FALSE? l. Antigens are foreign substances that can cause an immune response m. Most antigens have multiple antigenic determinants n. Endogenous antigens are phagocytized by antigens representing cells o. Antigens encounter T cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues p. None of the above 11. Which of the following is FALSE regarding helper T cells? q. They can stimulate proliferation of B cells r. They secrete perforins and granzymes that kill specific target cells s. They release interleukins that stimulate other immune cells t. They can be infected and destroyed by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS u. They are effector cells of the adaptive immune system
TRUE/FALSE Choose (A) for True or (B) for False for # 12-17 12. An acute allergic response can be triggered when an antigen binds to IgE antibodies attached to basophils or mast cells (A) 13. Pyrogens insert into the cell membrane of pathogens and create holes (B) 14. B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the thymus (B) 15. Dendritic cells presents exogenous antigens to the immune system (A) 16. It is our genes, not antigens, which determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist (A) 17. Haptens require proteins carriers in order to stimulate an immune response (A) 18. Which of the following correctly lists (in order) the route of air from nasal cavity to alveoli v. w. x. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli duct, alveoli
19. Which of the following is associated with the larynx? y. “Adam’s apple” in males z. Hyaline cartilage in its walls {. Vocal cords |. Both A and B }. All the above 20. Which of the following structures has cartilage in it walls? ~. Trachea . Oropharynx . Terminal bronchioles . Alveolar ducts 21. Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomical dead space? . Nasal cavity . Trachea . Alveolar sacs . Bronchi 22. Surfactant . is produced by Type I alveolar cells . is produced by Type II alveolar cells . is produced by pseudostratified ciliated columnar lining the upper respiratory tract . is produced in the conduction zone of the lung 23. The pressure in the . pleural cavity is less than the pressure in the alveoli . atmosphere is greater than the pressure in the alveoli during inspiration . alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure during expiration . Both A and B . All the above 24. Which of the following statements in FALSE? . Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation of smooth muscle in the walls of bronchi causes bronchodilation . Bronchial arteries supply oxygenated blood to lung tissues . Airway resistance is highest in medium-sized bronchi . The pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood 25. During passive expiration . the diaphragm relaxes to increases intrathoracic volume . external intercostal muscles relax to increase pressure inside the lungs . the pressure in the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure . Both A and B . Both B and C 26. Which of the following would INCREASE airflow and pulmonary ventilation? .
Bronchoconstriction . Decreased lung compliance . Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of airway smooth muscle . Increase in alveolar surface tension . All the above
27. Most O2 is transported in the blood in what chemical forms? . As O2 molecules dissolved in plasma . Bound to hemoglobin inside erythrocytes . As bicarbonate ion in plasma . None of the above 28. Which of the following changes in blood would INCREASE the amount of O2 released by hemoglobin to body tissue? . Decrease in temperature . Decrease in pH . Decrease in biphophoglycerate (BPG) levels . Both A and C . None of the above
TRUE/FALSE: Choose (A) for True or (B) for False for #29-34 29. Lung compliance describes how easily the lungs can be expanded (A) 30. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the bronchioles results in an increase in airway resistance and decrease in airflow (B) 31. Oxygen is more soluble in blood plasma than carbon dioxide (B) 32. When the body is at rest, one pass of the blood through tissue capillaries typically results in 25% of oxygen molecules being released from hemoglobin
(A) 33. Diffusion of gasses between body tissues and blood in systemic capillaries elevates Po2 and lowers Pco2 in the blood (B) 34. Internal respiration takes place in the lungs (B)
35. The respiratory center, responsible for the intrinsic rate of breathing, is located in the . Alveoli . Cerebral cortex . Medulla oblongata . Diaphragm
Answer question # 36-38 based on the graph shown 36. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation if the pH decreases below 7.4? . Curve A . Curve B 37. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation if body temperature decreases below 37oC? . Curve A . Curve B 38. Which curve shows oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation when the body is exercising vigorously? . Curve A . Curve B
39. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the layers in the wall of the digestive tract? . The myenteric nerve plexus is located in the submucosa . The serosa is the outermost layer of most of the digestive tract and is composed of connective and epithelial tissue . The submucosal nerve plexus regulates gland secretion . The muscularis externa of the small intestine is composed of a circular and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle 40. Which of the following would NOT be considered a type of mechanical digestion? . Segmentation . Chewing . Salivary amylase activity . Mixing waves (churning) of the stomach 41. Where does chemical digestion of proteins occur? . Mouth . Pancreas . Small Intestine . Large Intestine . All the above 42. Which of the following is FALSE regarding peristalsis in the esophagus? . the circular smooth muscle layer contracts above the bolus of food . The longitudinal smooth muscle layer contracts below the bolus of food . There is a wave of sequential contractions along the entire length of the esophagus in order to propel the bolus down toward the stomach . Peristalsis is controlled by conscious thought (under voluntary control) 43. Which one of the following does NOT occur in the stomach? . Waves of smooth muscle contractions aid in the chemical and physical digestion of foodstuffs . During the cephalic phase of gastric digestion, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates gastric secretions . Pepsinogen is activated and aids in the digestion of proteins . Bile aids in the digestion of lipids 44. Which of the following is NOT part of gastric juice secretion into the lumen of the stomach? . HCl . Intrinsic factor . Gastrin . Pepsinogen 45. Which of the following secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach lumen? . Mucous cells . Chief cells . Parietal cells . Enteroendocrine cells (G cells)
46. Which of the following enzymes is largely INACTIVE in the duodenum? . Chymotrypsin . Pepsin . Pancreatic amylase . Brush border enzymes 47. The parasympathetic nervous system . stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva . increases motility along the digestive tract . inhibits secretion from the pancreas . Both A and B . Both A and C 48. Which of the following is NOT a function of gastrin? . Stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by cells in gastric glands of stomach . Contracts the lower esophageal (gastroesophageal sphincter . Promotes absorption of water by the small intestine . Relaxes the pyloric sphincter 49. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the absorption of foodstuff in the small intestine? . Monosaccharides produced by protein digestion are absorbed into villi capillaries . Amino acids produced by carbohydrates digestion are absorbed into villi capillaries . Long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons that enter lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) . All the above 50. Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK) . Inhibits gastric secretions . Stimulates gall bladder contractions . Contracts the sphincter of Oddi . Stimulates enzyme release from pancreatic acinar cells 51. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood supply to the liver? . The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver . The hepatic vein carries oxygen-poor/nutrient-rich blood to the liver . The hepatic portal vein carries oxygen-poor/nutrient-rich blood to the liver . Both A and B . Both A and C 52. Bile salt . are important in the emulsification of lipids in the small intestine . combine with large fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles . function to increase the surface area of fats exposed to pancreatic lipase for digestion . All the above
53. Which of the following is FALSE regarding absorption in the intestines? . Most of the water is absorbed in the small intestine . The large intestine absorbs 90% of the water that it receives from the small intestine . Bile salts assist in the absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine . Short-chain fatty acids and glycerol may be absorbed into villi blood capillaries
Choose (A) for True or (B) for False # 54-64 54. the sympathetic nervous system decreases salivary secretions (A) 55. The pancreas secretes pepsin that aids in protein digestion (B) 56. Pepsinogen is activated by HCl (A) 57. The epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx during the buccal phase of swallowing (B) 58. All the enzymes secreted from the pancreas are secreted in active form (B) 59. Mass movements occur in the large intestine and serve to push contents toward the rectum (A) 60. Parietal cells in the stomach secrete intrinsic factors (A) 61. Trypsin catalyzes the conversion of procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase (A) 62. The mucosa of the large intestine does not secrete any enzymes for chemical digestion (A) 63. Peristalsis in the large intestine is slower than the small intestine (A) 64. The internal anal sphincter is under voluntary control (B)
FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTIONS 1. Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls and found in body secretions such as tears and saliva 2. Redness and swelling of injured tissues are signs of inflammation. What change in blood vessels causes each of these symptoms? a. Swelling is due to ↑capillary permeability . b. Redness is due to vasodilation of arterioles .
3. Identify the specific immune cell described by each of the following Description | Immune cell(write name of cell) | Cell is part of | Effector cell produced by activation of CD8 T cells; it kills cancer and virus-infected cells | cytotoxic, T cells | cellular specific defenses | Cell that produces antibodies | plasma (or B) cell | humoral specific defenses | Most abundant phagocytic cell in the central nervous system | microglial cell | non-specific defenses | Effector cell produced by activation of CD4 T cells | helper T cell | cellular specific defenses | Lyses cells by releasing perforins; one of these cells can kill many difference types of pathogenic cells | natural killer cell | non-specific defenses |
4. Chemotaxis is the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site. 5. Pyrogens are chemical substances that cause fever. 6. Opsinization is the process that coats pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins, and enhances phagocytosis by making it easier for phagocytes to adhere to them.
7. Fill in the missing information in the table below Antigen Type | Which class of MHC proteins presents this antigen type on the cell surface? | Which T cells bind this antigen type? (CD4 or CD8) | Exogenous | Class II MHC | CD4 | Endogenous | Class I MHC | CD8 |
8. List four functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system: c. provides passageway for aid d. warms air e. humidifies air f. cleans air 9. What are intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures? g. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure inside the pleural cavity . h. Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the lung (alveoli) . 10. What type of epithelial tissues line the inside of the following structures: i. Laryngopharynx is lined with (nonkeratinized) stratified squamous . j. Trachea is lined with pseudostratidied (ciliated columnar) . 11. The respiratory membrane is only two cells thick. What two cells comprise this membrane? k. (type I) alveolar cells l. endothelial cell (of pulmonary capillary) 12. The respiratory is the site of: External Respiration 13. In what three chemical forms is O2 transported in the blood? m. as CO2 dissolved in plasma n. bound to hemoglobin (as carbaminohemoglobin) o. as bicarbonate (HCO3) ion 14. Match each of the following with the appropriate partial pressure.
C Inspired air
A Blood leaving alveolar capillaries
B Blood entering alveolar capillaries
A Alveoli of lungs
15. Name four muscles that contract during forced (deep) inspiration p. diaphragm q. external intercostals r. sternocleidomastoid s. pectoralis minor 16. Which phase of swallowing is under conscious control? buccal phase . 17. Complete the following table. Organ | Name one digestive ENZYME produced by this organ | This enzyme is involved in the chemical digestion of which ingested molecules? | Mouth (salivary gland) | Salivary amylase | Carbohydrates | Stomach (gastric glands) | Pepsin (or pepsinogen)Gastric lipase | ProteinsLipids | Pancreas | Trypsin Chymotrypsin CarboxypeptidasePancreatic amylasePancreatic lipasePancreatic nuclease | ProteinsCarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acids |
18. What two parts of the pharynx are shared by the respiratory and digestive tract? t. oropharynx u. laryngopharynx 19. Hepatocytes are the cells of the liver that produces bile. 20. What is the function of enterokinase? v. catalyzes conversion of trypsinogen (inactive) trypsin (active) 21. Describe three actions of secretin. w. ↑ bicarbonate ion secretion (by pancreatic duct cells) x. ↑ bile production (by liver) y. ↓ gastric secretion
22. Each of the following describes a structural part of the small intestine that increases its surface area. Name the structure corresponding to each description. z. Folds of the plasma membrane of absorption mucosal cells microvilli {. Fingerlike projections of the mucosa villi |. Deep circular fold of the mucosa & submucosa plicae circulares 23. What molecules produced by chemical digestion of the following are absorbed by the small intestine? }. monosaccharides (simple sugars) ~. amino acids