Explain Two Features Of Self-Amlerance In The Normal Immune System?

1a) In the normal immune system, describe two features of self-tolerance as applied to T cells and B cells (ie. central tolerance, peripheral tolerance, suppression, anergy, etc.). Central tolerance is the process which occurs in the primary lymphoid organs of the thymus for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells, where B and T cells which recognize and react to self-antigens are destroyed, through apoptosis (McCance & Huether, 2014). The process were a B or T cell reacts to self-antigen is called autoreactivity. Autoreactivity is a result of the VJ and VDJ genes rearranging in a manner that results in a T-cell receptor (TCR) or a B-cell receptor (BCR) which recognize self-antigens. During the stage of clonal deletion, these autoreactive
This occurs through a breakdown in the self-tolerance maintaining role of APCs. As stated above, the presences of increased levels of autoreactive B and T cells in circulation is common in healthy individuals, however, in states of chronic inflammation it is believed that the increased access to autoreactive T-cells to APC's can initiate an autoimmune response where self-tolerance in then lost and the immune response is then initiated against the self-antigen.
3a) In the normal immune system, describe the role of cytokines. Cytokines are small proteins secreted by cells which have specific effects on how cells communicate and interact with each other. Cytokines help regulate both the innate ad adaptive immune responses as well as inflammation through their effects on neighboring cells (McCance & Huether, 2014). Furthermore, cytokines are either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory depending on whether the induce or inhibit the inflammatory response they are involved in (McCance & Huether, 2014). The interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor are cytokines.
3b) Describe characteristics of cytokines in an autoimmune