Biology Quiz
Chapter 1
Reading and Study Guide
Why This Chapter Matters
1. We are living in the golden age of biology. Biological discoveries revolutionize medicine, change agriculture, and impact human culture.
2. Life is united not by a single trait, but by a common set of characteristics. Appreciating what it means to be living is as complex as life itself.
3. Life exists at many levels of biological organization. Understanding how these levels interrelate provides insight into the mechanisms of living systems.
4. The diversity of life is nested into groups that are united and interrelated by their shared evolutionary histories.
5. Science is a way of knowing and exploring our natural world. Most scientists use a combination of two main forms of …show more content…
inquiry: discovery science and hypothesis-driven science.
6. Understanding how science is done reveals the power and limits of this form of knowledge.
Chapter Objectives
Biology and Society: Biology All Around Us
1.
Describe three examples of how biology is woven into the fabric of society.
The Scope of Life
2. Describe seven properties or processes we associate with life.
3. List and give an example of each level of biological organization, starting with an ecosystem and ending with atoms.
4. Describe the two main dynamic processes in an ecosystem.
5. Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Distinguish between the three domains and four eukaryotic kingdoms of life.
Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme
7. Describe the two main points that Darwin made in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
8. Describe the two observations that led Darwin to his inescapable conclusion. State this conclusion.
9. Compare artificial and natural selection, noting similarities and differences.
The Process of Science
10. Compare discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. Provide examples of each regarding the study of trans fats in the human diet.
11. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. Explain why natural selection qualifies as a scientific theory.
12. Distinguish science from other styles of inquiry.
13. Describe examples of the interdependence of technology and science.
Key Terms
biology
biosphere controlled experiment discovery science eukaryotic cell ecosystem genes hypothesis hypothesis-driven science life natural selection prokaryotic cell science scientific method theory Reading Guide
Introduction: Biology Today
THE SCOPE OF LIFE
The Properties of Life
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the global.
Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth.
Life at Its Many Levels
Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells.
Ecosystems
Each organism interacts continuously with its environment.
Organisms interact continuously with the living and nonliving factors in the environment.
The interactions between organisms and their environment take place within an Ecosystem.
The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes:
Cycling of nutrients
Flow of energy
Cells and Their DNA
The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life.
All organisms are composed of cells.
We can distinguish two major types of cells:
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
The Prokaryotic cell is simpler and smaller and contains no organelles.
Cells of bacteria have prokaryotic cells.
The Eukaryotic cell is larger, more complex, and contains organelles.
The nucleus is the largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells.
Plants and animals are composed of _________________ cells.
All cells use Genes as the chemical material of genes.
Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.
The language of DNA contains just four letters:
A, G, C, and T
The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its Genome.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms.
Life in Its Diverse Forms
Diversity is the hallmark of life.
The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million species.
Estimates of the total diversity range from 10 million to over 100 million species.
Grouping Species: The Basic Concept
Biodiversity can be beautiful but overwhelming.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species.
It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms.
The Three Domains of Life
The three domains of life are
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.
Domain Eukarya includes
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
Protists are generally single celled.
Most plants, fungi, and animals are multicellular.
These three multicellular kingdoms are distinguished by how they obtain food.
Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by Photosynthesis.
Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead organisms.
Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms.
Unity in the Diversity of Life
Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure.
For example, all life uses the genetic language of DNA.
Biological evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity.
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.”
Science is a way of knowing.
Science developed from people’s curiosity about themselves and the world around them.
Discovery Science
Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.
This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure.
Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science.
In biology, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels.
Discovery science can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning.
An inductive conclusion is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations.
Hypothesis-Driven Science
As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps.
The key element of the scientific method is hypothesis-driven science.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations—an idea on trial.
Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigator can use deductive logic to test it.
In deduction, the reasoning flows from the general to the specific.
In the process of science, the deduction usually takes the form of predictions about experimental results.
Then the hypothesis is tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted.
This deductive reasoning takes the form of “If…then” logic.
Theories in Science
What is a scientific theory, and how is it different from a hypothesis?
A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis.
Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence.
Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature.”
Science and religion are two very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.
The Culture of Science
Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier research.
They pay close attention to contemporary scientists working on the same problem.
Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific culture.
Scientists check the conclusions of others by attempting to repeat experiments.
Science, Technology, and Society
Science and technology are interdependent.
New technologies advance science.
Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.
For example, the discovery of the structure of DNA about 50 years ago led to a variety of DNA technologies.
Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.
Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled the human population to double to nearly 7 billion in just the past 40 years.
The environmental consequences of this population growth may be devastating.
Reading and Study Guide
Why This Chapter Matters
1. We are living in the golden age of biology. Biological discoveries revolutionize medicine, change agriculture, and impact human culture.
2. Life is united not by a single trait, but by a common set of characteristics. Appreciating what it means to be living is as complex as life itself.
3. Life exists at many levels of biological organization. Understanding how these levels interrelate provides insight into the mechanisms of living systems.
4. The diversity of life is nested into groups that are united and interrelated by their shared evolutionary histories.
5. Science is a way of knowing and exploring our natural world. Most scientists use a combination of two main forms of …show more content…
inquiry: discovery science and hypothesis-driven science.
6. Understanding how science is done reveals the power and limits of this form of knowledge.
Chapter Objectives
Biology and Society: Biology All Around Us
1.
Describe three examples of how biology is woven into the fabric of society.
The Scope of Life
2. Describe seven properties or processes we associate with life.
3. List and give an example of each level of biological organization, starting with an ecosystem and ending with atoms.
4. Describe the two main dynamic processes in an ecosystem.
5. Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Distinguish between the three domains and four eukaryotic kingdoms of life.
Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme
7. Describe the two main points that Darwin made in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
8. Describe the two observations that led Darwin to his inescapable conclusion. State this conclusion.
9. Compare artificial and natural selection, noting similarities and differences.
The Process of Science
10. Compare discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. Provide examples of each regarding the study of trans fats in the human diet.
11. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. Explain why natural selection qualifies as a scientific theory.
12. Distinguish science from other styles of inquiry.
13. Describe examples of the interdependence of technology and science.
Key Terms
biology
biosphere controlled experiment discovery science eukaryotic cell ecosystem genes hypothesis hypothesis-driven science life natural selection prokaryotic cell science scientific method theory Reading Guide
Introduction: Biology Today
THE SCOPE OF LIFE
The Properties of Life
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the global.
Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth.
Life at Its Many Levels
Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells.
Ecosystems
Each organism interacts continuously with its environment.
Organisms interact continuously with the living and nonliving factors in the environment.
The interactions between organisms and their environment take place within an Ecosystem.
The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes:
Cycling of nutrients
Flow of energy
Cells and Their DNA
The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life.
All organisms are composed of cells.
We can distinguish two major types of cells:
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
The Prokaryotic cell is simpler and smaller and contains no organelles.
Cells of bacteria have prokaryotic cells.
The Eukaryotic cell is larger, more complex, and contains organelles.
The nucleus is the largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells.
Plants and animals are composed of _________________ cells.
All cells use Genes as the chemical material of genes.
Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.
The language of DNA contains just four letters:
A, G, C, and T
The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its Genome.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms.
Life in Its Diverse Forms
Diversity is the hallmark of life.
The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million species.
Estimates of the total diversity range from 10 million to over 100 million species.
Grouping Species: The Basic Concept
Biodiversity can be beautiful but overwhelming.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species.
It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms.
The Three Domains of Life
The three domains of life are
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.
Domain Eukarya includes
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
Protists are generally single celled.
Most plants, fungi, and animals are multicellular.
These three multicellular kingdoms are distinguished by how they obtain food.
Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by Photosynthesis.
Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead organisms.
Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms.
Unity in the Diversity of Life
Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure.
For example, all life uses the genetic language of DNA.
Biological evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity.
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.”
Science is a way of knowing.
Science developed from people’s curiosity about themselves and the world around them.
Discovery Science
Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.
This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure.
Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science.
In biology, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels.
Discovery science can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning.
An inductive conclusion is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations.
Hypothesis-Driven Science
As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps.
The key element of the scientific method is hypothesis-driven science.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations—an idea on trial.
Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigator can use deductive logic to test it.
In deduction, the reasoning flows from the general to the specific.
In the process of science, the deduction usually takes the form of predictions about experimental results.
Then the hypothesis is tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted.
This deductive reasoning takes the form of “If…then” logic.
Theories in Science
What is a scientific theory, and how is it different from a hypothesis?
A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis.
Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence.
Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature.”
Science and religion are two very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.
The Culture of Science
Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier research.
They pay close attention to contemporary scientists working on the same problem.
Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific culture.
Scientists check the conclusions of others by attempting to repeat experiments.
Science, Technology, and Society
Science and technology are interdependent.
New technologies advance science.
Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.
For example, the discovery of the structure of DNA about 50 years ago led to a variety of DNA technologies.
Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.
Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled the human population to double to nearly 7 billion in just the past 40 years.
The environmental consequences of this population growth may be devastating.