The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including, the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral/electrolyte and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones and may cause changes in their relative positions.…
After determining the dental formula, the student had to measure the tibia & fibula and the radius & ulna of both specimen’s A & B to determine their type of locomotion that they used to get around. II.…
Final Exam Kinesiology Study Guide Lower Extremity, Gait, Video Analysis Vertebrae/Trunk -Triaxial Primary Curves vs. Secondary Curves * Thoracic and sacral spine curves lie anteriorly (primary curves) * Cervical and lumbar spine curves lie posteriorly (Secondary curves) Vertebral Bones 24 articulating, 8-9 fused 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacrum 3-4 coccyx Atlas vs. axis Joints…
It is very important to their survival that they can run on all four legs because…
From the moment humans were created to modern times, they made numerous physical and technological advancements. It started when the Australopithecines began displaying signs of bipedalism, freeing two arms for using tools and carrying food while walking at the same time. This was a significant physical change that the hominid species chose to make, as bipedalism was the gateway to hunting, farming, and harvesting. As time passed, the homo habilis began showing up. Their brain size was on a range between 550 and 687 cubic centimeters, whereas the Australopithecines had a brain size between 350 and 600 cubic centimeters, which meant that the homo habilis' brain capacity grew around 50%. This larger brain capacity led to the experimentation with…
Cited: Bass WM. 1987. Human Osteology A laboratory and Field Manual. Missouri: Missouri Archaeological Society Special Publication. P.81.…
Key innovation in human evolution is the development of bipedalism and gradual increase in size of brains. The evolution might have occurred due to change in climate and environment which lead to reduction and replacement of trees with grasslands. Due to presence of large numbers of trees, it was easier for our ancestors to have quadrupedalism instead of bipedalism, so that they can climb on trees and move from one place to another. But with the decrease in number of trees, requirement for bipedalism increased. In an article by Wayman E. (2012), it has been mentioned that Lucy had the anatomy of bipead. Lucy belongs to Australopithecus afarensis. It is estimated that Lucy lived 3.2 mya. Her pelvis was broad and she has thigh bones which were…
Over decades, many Americans reject the ideas of evolution and there were many arguments against the theory of human evolution. However, in order to understand how the human developed, we must look at the human evolution. For many centuries, we have been curious about our origins and our human bodies structure. How we got to be the kind of species we are today, such as the way we look; walking upright on two legs, our hands has five fingers, the size of our brain and teeth, and what makes us a unique species. Our animal ancestors have shaped our body structure in many ways, we humans have a lot in common than you might think with apes, reptiles and even fish.…
In order to be able to walk or run on two feet many evolutionary changes had to occur, early humans had to develop arches in their feet, curved spines, specialized hips, and specialized knees. The muscle structure of the early human body also had to…
In the 1800’s Charles Darwin, a physician of his time discovered the theory of natural selection, stating that a genetic change in population results in differential reproductive success through plants, and animals including humankind. Darwin concluded that humans had evolved through great apes by the process of natural selection. After many years of searching for ancient fossils to piece together evolution and Ardi was discovered, palaeoanthropologists have developed the “Savanna Hypothesis”, stating that the general difference between hominids and apes were caused by hominids being forced out of the forests and onto grasslands, developing a gradual way of life in bipedalism. This hypothesis has long been the conclusion to evolution and the upright walking species.…
Major Trends in Hominin Evolution are diet, cultural evolution, encephalization, language and speech Diet; In addition to forcing changes in locomotion that led to walking upright, the increasingly dry climate of east Africa over the last six million years forced changes in the diet of early hominins from the soft fruits of the tropical rain forest to the increasingly fibrous and tough foods available in open habitats.Early hominin diets are reconstructed partly based on the surface areas of the molars and the cross-sectional area of the body of the lower jaw (Collard…
getting us from place to place quickly while eradicating the need for legs altogether. Instead of…
The greatest achievement and jump in evolutions was mans bipedality, suddenly we were faster, taller, able to bring and eat food for efficiently, it was a marvel. We were mobile, energy efficient, we could migrate and avoid the incredibly harsh weather, it also allowed for bigger brains, which improved out intelligence. Tools were also a great help to Neanderthal men, it made life easier and able to compete with the…
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed. Chapter 7: Skeletal System…
It’s probably harder and we cannot run fast doing so just because we have evolved out of being quadrupeds. But looking at the fastest animals in the world, most of the fastest animals run on four legs. I’m not saying that we should run on all fours but that speed was no longer a necessity in our survival. There are many disadvantages of being biped as well as advantages. I have noticed that almost all of these disadvantages are directly correlated with the advantages. Basically, everything in our evolution process was a system of trade-offs. A perfect example of this is shown here, “Still other advantages of Bipedalism would have enhanced survivability. With their heads up well above the ground, bipeds are able to spot predators before they get too close for safety.”, which can be compared to, “ Bipedalism makes an animal more visible to predators, and exposes its ‘soft underbelly’.” See how it’s all a system of trade-offs? I could show many more examples, but you get the point. More disadvantages of Bipedalism are limiting the ability to run faster or change direction quicker when running. “Quadrupedal baboons and chimpanzees are 30 – 34 percent faster than…