Black Panther Party Research Paper
“Media reports have the potential to be useful historical records for historians, but they are not always objective accounts of events. How have recent historians used other kinds of historical sources to unpack the bias within media coverage of the Black Panther Party?”
The development of the Black Panther Party caused controversy from the 1960’s onwards throughout America due to the negative behaviours with which the Party were most commonly associated with. The Party have previously been recorded throughout history as violent gangs working against Government agencies such as the Federal Investigations unit and the Central Intelligence Association. While to some extent there are truthful aspects to this depiction, such a critique is largely …show more content…
the result of the media and the way in which they chose to report on events at the time. However as society has developed, the range of sources available to historians now allows a different idea of the Party to be formed, along with an understanding of the many positive attributions to American culture which the Party attributed to.
During the 1960 's-80 's, when the Black Panther Party were most prominent throughout American states, the impression they made on the on the public was largely shaped by the way in which the media reported on the events which transpired and the operation of the Party as a whole. Examples of this at the time included publications, primarily newspaper articles, which reported on and manipulated the actions of the Party. When considering the way in which the media portrayed the Party it is important to also be aware of the geographical location of where a piece was written. The significance of this is the way in which societies regarded the black community as a whole and how this would have then influenced potential bias throughout the media. For example in the South, where racial inequality and therefore the Civil Rights Movement was most predominant, many white Americans would have already viewed the black community as "a gang of ghetto thugs". If members of the community already had negative expectations of a minority group it would not be hard for official Government branches to convince men, women and of course the media as a whole, of the Party 's supposed wrongdoing. The media then encouraged this idea by simply reaffirming what many people already thought. While historians could have considered alternative sources into their investigations of the Party, the media, in its many forms, was their primary avenue of exploration when attempting to piece together the history of this association. According to author and academic, Jules Boykoff, "the mass media are a vital venue where discourse is constructed and reproduced. Media accounts prime the public to think in certain ways, implicitly encouraging us to accept some ideas, opinions, and individuals as legitimate and to reject others as illegitimate". This, along with the moral and ethical views within the context of this period, gave historians a fairly limited, "otherwise one-dimensional", view of their history.
As society and technology has continued to develop over time, so too has access to recourses which provide a much more circular and sometimes contrasting view of history. The limited scope of documents available to historians during the Party 's most influential and controversial period has since continued to broaden, so too has with the depth of accessible information. The acceptance and also the availability of oral histories in recent times has provided a wealth of information to be explored. In regards to the Black Panther, oral testimonies, in the forms of videos and voice recordings allow historians to interview and hear personal, firsthand accounts of events from members of the Party and family members of those involved. According to Alistair Thomson, Professor of History, " oral history can help individuals and societies remember and make better sense of traumatic pasts". An example of this is the interview of Kenyatto Amen - Allah who discusses his own positive experiences within the Black Panther Party due to the involvement of his family members. While the use of oral testimonies when investigating a history does have possible issues, Alistair Thomson highlights that "oral history—at its best—requires us to recognize and negotiate these dilemmas, and to consider the personal and political consequences of historical research." Another example of the use of oral testimonies providing a more rounded history of past events is the interview with Wes Uhlman, Mayor of Seattle from 1960-1977. Despite Wes being heavily opposed to the Black Panther party as an association for self defence, he still emphasised the severity of police brutality on these groups as a result of what he described as "pervasive corruption". The significance of such resources for historians is that while there are many external factors to consider when asking individuals about events which happened in the past, they also have the opportunity to give individuals who at the time may have been silenced by the constraints of society to now tell their side of the story.
Other resources which have become available to historians is recent times is the publication of biographies and autobiographies from members of the Black Panther Party and their families. An example of this is the memoir by Aaron Dixon, 'My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain ', which described the volatile nature of the police force which encouraged him to become a member of the Party. In a similar way to oral interviews, the production of such creative mediums provides yet another invaluable resources in both primary and secondary form. For individuals strongly tied to the cause, taking it upon themselves to share their version of events in writing, has allowed them time for in depth thought, drafting and editing until they are happy with the final product. This process is encouraged by Jane Mace, a consultant in writing development, as she asserts that "oral accounts may become written texts, through a process in which participants have time to reflect on and develop the first version of a story—and, if they choose to do so, to be able to edit, amend and elaborate on it as a piece of writing". Unlike oral histories, written sources ensure that each point discussed is expressed in a way which highlights exactly how the author or subject feels about events. Aspects of language are not expressed hastily or in a passing manner which could later be interpreted a certain way by someone viewing the resource. As with any primary source a sense of bias may be inherent, however it is up to the historian to consider all available resources regarding the Party in correlation with other accounts when investigating this area of history. For historians, this means that written texts today are a much more reliable source and depiction of personal experience which had previously been unavailable or unacknowledged.
The amount of information collected by archived documents over time now provides historians with countless versions of the histories of the Black Panther Party. The changes which are evident throughout documents since the beginning of the Party 's formation compared to what historians are working with in the modern world largely relate back to the vast changes in social views and ideals. Perspective can have a significant impact on the way in which an individual may discuss or report on an event; the histories which have evolved regarding the Black Panther Party are a perfect example of this. The media originally reported on the Party in an incredibly negative way, this in turn not only encouraged many members of their communities to agree with what they said, it also reinforced people to think a certain way about particular minority groups throughout America. However, as society has continued to grow and change, so too has the way in which people think. This has allowed a new light to be shed on past documents such as newspaper articles and advertising, as historians are now much more critical of the vast amount of information which has become accessible.
During the Black Panther Party era the media was incredibly influential in the way in which events have been reported on and therefore remembered.
Depending on the physical location of an area, a series of events may have been portrayed differently to the community which they were representative of. The media, for the most part, positioned the wider community to see the Party in a purely negative and violent way instead of highlighting the conflict which was most apparent. For historians at the time these primary sources played a vital role in piecing together the history of the Black Panther Party. However, as societal perspectives have developed and shifted so to have the way in which historians now view past historical sources and the way in which they approach the investigations into the possible histories recorded about the …show more content…
Party. Historians today now have the possibility of looking back on primary documents with more social awareness and understanding; as a result of this, the way in which a historian now interprets a document may differ entirely to how someone may have perceived such events over a decade ago. Similarly over time, the range of historical sources available regarding the Black Panther Party has broadened also. The introduction of oral histories through written biographies, autobiographies and visually recorded interviews have had significant affects on the original history of these individuals. While many of these resources have been available for a considerable amount of time, the changes in values means the historians are now more willing to give a voice to people who were previously repressed not only within society but also by the media. The accessibility of such invaluable resources in recent times means that historians now have a much more rounded understanding of the Party, compared to the single, critical view of the media in the past.
Bibliography
Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007.
Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. 2010.
Dixon, Aaron. "My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain". Haymarket Books. 2012.
Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 2 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
Gatchet, Amanda. D. and Cloud, Dana. L. "David, Goliath and the Black Panthers: The Paradox of the Oppressed Militant in Rhetoric Self-Defence". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Vol 37. No. 1. 2012.
Gregory, James. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 25 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010.
Abron, JoNina. M. "The Legacy of the Black Panther Party". The Black Scholar. Vol 17. No 6. 1986. Page 33.
The Dr. Huey. P. Newton Foundation. Edited By Hilliard, David. "The Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs". University of New Mexico Press. 2010. Page 11-12.
Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998
Williams, Yohuru. "Some Abstract Thing Called Freedom: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party. Organization of American Historians Magazine of History. Vol 22. Iss 3. 2008.
--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. The Dr. Huey. P. Newton Foundation. Edited By Hilliard, David. "The Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs". University of New Mexico Press. 2010. Page 11-12.
[ 2 ]. Abron, JoNina. M. "The Legacy of the Black Panther Party". The Black Scholar. Vol 17. No 6. 1986. Page 33.
[ 3 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-11.
[ 4 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-10.
[ 5 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 284. 2010.
[ 6 ]. Williams, Yohuru. "Some Abstract Thing Called Freedom: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party. Organization of American Historians Magazine of History. Vol 22. Iss 3. 2008. Page 18.
[ 7 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 282. 2010.
[ 8 ]. Gatchet, Amanda D. and Cloud, Dana. L. "David, Goliath and the Black Panthers: The Paradox of the Oppressed Militant in Rhetoric Self-Defence". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Vol 37. No. 1. 2012. Page 5-6.
[ 9 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 279. 2010.
[ 10 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 12.
[ 11 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11-13.
[ 12 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11-12.
[ 13 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 584.
[ 14 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 588.
[ 15 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 591.
[ 16 ]. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 2 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
[ 17 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 18 ]. Gregory, James. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 25 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
[ 19 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 590.
[ 20 ]. Dixon, Aaron. "My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain". Haymarket Books. 2012. Page 78-80.
[ 21 ].
Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 22 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 23 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 584.
[ 24 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 25 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-11.
[ 26 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11 -13.
[ 27 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page12-15.
[ 28 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. 2010. Page.
282.
The development of the Black Panther Party caused controversy from the 1960’s onwards throughout America due to the negative behaviours with which the Party were most commonly associated with. The Party have previously been recorded throughout history as violent gangs working against Government agencies such as the Federal Investigations unit and the Central Intelligence Association. While to some extent there are truthful aspects to this depiction, such a critique is largely …show more content…
the result of the media and the way in which they chose to report on events at the time. However as society has developed, the range of sources available to historians now allows a different idea of the Party to be formed, along with an understanding of the many positive attributions to American culture which the Party attributed to.
During the 1960 's-80 's, when the Black Panther Party were most prominent throughout American states, the impression they made on the on the public was largely shaped by the way in which the media reported on the events which transpired and the operation of the Party as a whole. Examples of this at the time included publications, primarily newspaper articles, which reported on and manipulated the actions of the Party. When considering the way in which the media portrayed the Party it is important to also be aware of the geographical location of where a piece was written. The significance of this is the way in which societies regarded the black community as a whole and how this would have then influenced potential bias throughout the media. For example in the South, where racial inequality and therefore the Civil Rights Movement was most predominant, many white Americans would have already viewed the black community as "a gang of ghetto thugs". If members of the community already had negative expectations of a minority group it would not be hard for official Government branches to convince men, women and of course the media as a whole, of the Party 's supposed wrongdoing. The media then encouraged this idea by simply reaffirming what many people already thought. While historians could have considered alternative sources into their investigations of the Party, the media, in its many forms, was their primary avenue of exploration when attempting to piece together the history of this association. According to author and academic, Jules Boykoff, "the mass media are a vital venue where discourse is constructed and reproduced. Media accounts prime the public to think in certain ways, implicitly encouraging us to accept some ideas, opinions, and individuals as legitimate and to reject others as illegitimate". This, along with the moral and ethical views within the context of this period, gave historians a fairly limited, "otherwise one-dimensional", view of their history.
As society and technology has continued to develop over time, so too has access to recourses which provide a much more circular and sometimes contrasting view of history. The limited scope of documents available to historians during the Party 's most influential and controversial period has since continued to broaden, so too has with the depth of accessible information. The acceptance and also the availability of oral histories in recent times has provided a wealth of information to be explored. In regards to the Black Panther, oral testimonies, in the forms of videos and voice recordings allow historians to interview and hear personal, firsthand accounts of events from members of the Party and family members of those involved. According to Alistair Thomson, Professor of History, " oral history can help individuals and societies remember and make better sense of traumatic pasts". An example of this is the interview of Kenyatto Amen - Allah who discusses his own positive experiences within the Black Panther Party due to the involvement of his family members. While the use of oral testimonies when investigating a history does have possible issues, Alistair Thomson highlights that "oral history—at its best—requires us to recognize and negotiate these dilemmas, and to consider the personal and political consequences of historical research." Another example of the use of oral testimonies providing a more rounded history of past events is the interview with Wes Uhlman, Mayor of Seattle from 1960-1977. Despite Wes being heavily opposed to the Black Panther party as an association for self defence, he still emphasised the severity of police brutality on these groups as a result of what he described as "pervasive corruption". The significance of such resources for historians is that while there are many external factors to consider when asking individuals about events which happened in the past, they also have the opportunity to give individuals who at the time may have been silenced by the constraints of society to now tell their side of the story.
Other resources which have become available to historians is recent times is the publication of biographies and autobiographies from members of the Black Panther Party and their families. An example of this is the memoir by Aaron Dixon, 'My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain ', which described the volatile nature of the police force which encouraged him to become a member of the Party. In a similar way to oral interviews, the production of such creative mediums provides yet another invaluable resources in both primary and secondary form. For individuals strongly tied to the cause, taking it upon themselves to share their version of events in writing, has allowed them time for in depth thought, drafting and editing until they are happy with the final product. This process is encouraged by Jane Mace, a consultant in writing development, as she asserts that "oral accounts may become written texts, through a process in which participants have time to reflect on and develop the first version of a story—and, if they choose to do so, to be able to edit, amend and elaborate on it as a piece of writing". Unlike oral histories, written sources ensure that each point discussed is expressed in a way which highlights exactly how the author or subject feels about events. Aspects of language are not expressed hastily or in a passing manner which could later be interpreted a certain way by someone viewing the resource. As with any primary source a sense of bias may be inherent, however it is up to the historian to consider all available resources regarding the Party in correlation with other accounts when investigating this area of history. For historians, this means that written texts today are a much more reliable source and depiction of personal experience which had previously been unavailable or unacknowledged.
The amount of information collected by archived documents over time now provides historians with countless versions of the histories of the Black Panther Party. The changes which are evident throughout documents since the beginning of the Party 's formation compared to what historians are working with in the modern world largely relate back to the vast changes in social views and ideals. Perspective can have a significant impact on the way in which an individual may discuss or report on an event; the histories which have evolved regarding the Black Panther Party are a perfect example of this. The media originally reported on the Party in an incredibly negative way, this in turn not only encouraged many members of their communities to agree with what they said, it also reinforced people to think a certain way about particular minority groups throughout America. However, as society has continued to grow and change, so too has the way in which people think. This has allowed a new light to be shed on past documents such as newspaper articles and advertising, as historians are now much more critical of the vast amount of information which has become accessible.
During the Black Panther Party era the media was incredibly influential in the way in which events have been reported on and therefore remembered.
Depending on the physical location of an area, a series of events may have been portrayed differently to the community which they were representative of. The media, for the most part, positioned the wider community to see the Party in a purely negative and violent way instead of highlighting the conflict which was most apparent. For historians at the time these primary sources played a vital role in piecing together the history of the Black Panther Party. However, as societal perspectives have developed and shifted so to have the way in which historians now view past historical sources and the way in which they approach the investigations into the possible histories recorded about the …show more content…
Party. Historians today now have the possibility of looking back on primary documents with more social awareness and understanding; as a result of this, the way in which a historian now interprets a document may differ entirely to how someone may have perceived such events over a decade ago. Similarly over time, the range of historical sources available regarding the Black Panther Party has broadened also. The introduction of oral histories through written biographies, autobiographies and visually recorded interviews have had significant affects on the original history of these individuals. While many of these resources have been available for a considerable amount of time, the changes in values means the historians are now more willing to give a voice to people who were previously repressed not only within society but also by the media. The accessibility of such invaluable resources in recent times means that historians now have a much more rounded understanding of the Party, compared to the single, critical view of the media in the past.
Bibliography
Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007.
Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. 2010.
Dixon, Aaron. "My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain". Haymarket Books. 2012.
Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 2 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
Gatchet, Amanda. D. and Cloud, Dana. L. "David, Goliath and the Black Panthers: The Paradox of the Oppressed Militant in Rhetoric Self-Defence". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Vol 37. No. 1. 2012.
Gregory, James. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 25 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010.
Abron, JoNina. M. "The Legacy of the Black Panther Party". The Black Scholar. Vol 17. No 6. 1986. Page 33.
The Dr. Huey. P. Newton Foundation. Edited By Hilliard, David. "The Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs". University of New Mexico Press. 2010. Page 11-12.
Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998
Williams, Yohuru. "Some Abstract Thing Called Freedom: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party. Organization of American Historians Magazine of History. Vol 22. Iss 3. 2008.
--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. The Dr. Huey. P. Newton Foundation. Edited By Hilliard, David. "The Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs". University of New Mexico Press. 2010. Page 11-12.
[ 2 ]. Abron, JoNina. M. "The Legacy of the Black Panther Party". The Black Scholar. Vol 17. No 6. 1986. Page 33.
[ 3 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-11.
[ 4 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-10.
[ 5 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 284. 2010.
[ 6 ]. Williams, Yohuru. "Some Abstract Thing Called Freedom: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party. Organization of American Historians Magazine of History. Vol 22. Iss 3. 2008. Page 18.
[ 7 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 282. 2010.
[ 8 ]. Gatchet, Amanda D. and Cloud, Dana. L. "David, Goliath and the Black Panthers: The Paradox of the Oppressed Militant in Rhetoric Self-Defence". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Vol 37. No. 1. 2012. Page 5-6.
[ 9 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. P. 279. 2010.
[ 10 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 12.
[ 11 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11-13.
[ 12 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11-12.
[ 13 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 584.
[ 14 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 588.
[ 15 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 591.
[ 16 ]. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 2 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
[ 17 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 18 ]. Gregory, James. Jones, Janet. "Video Oral Histories". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. August 25 2005: http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/BPP_interviews.htm. Viewed May 3 2013.
[ 19 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 590.
[ 20 ]. Dixon, Aaron. "My People Are Rising: Memoir of a Black Panther Party Captain". Haymarket Books. 2012. Page 78-80.
[ 21 ].
Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 22 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 23 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 584.
[ 24 ]. Thomson, Alistair. "Fifty Years On: An International Perspective on Oral History": Journal of American History. 1998. Page 592.
[ 25 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page 9-11.
[ 26 ]. Alkebulan, Paul. "Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party". University of Alabama Press. 2007. Page 11 -13.
[ 27 ]. Jeffries, Judson. L. On the Ground: The Black Panther Party in Communities Across America. University Press of Mississippi. 2010. Page12-15.
[ 28 ]. Boykoff, Jules. Gies, Martha. "We 're going to Defend Ourselves": The Portland Chapter of the Black Panther Party and the Local Media Response. The Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol 111. Iss 3. 2010. Page.
282.