carl jung

Carl Jung & Personality

Biographical

1875-1961
Lonely, fantasy-filled childhood
A. Stone – perspective of stone
B. Manikin – “secret friend”
C. Phallus Dream – Lord Jesus
D. Throne Vision – terrible thought
Lifelong interest in the Occult

Lonely fantasy-filled childhood
Stone – Mother – J sometimes thought of her as two people: one nice, sense or humor, other ruthless, conniving
Experience with stone similar; 7 yrs, would sit on a stone, then trade perspectives with the stone, imagining that he was the stone being sat upon by the boy, would have difficulty telling if he was the boy or the stone
Would later decide he was two people also: young school boy, innocent, his consciousness; old man, unconsciousness
Manikin – 10 yrs, carved man from ruler; would write things that troubled him down in secret language, ceremony to put in box with man, relieved anxiety
Phallis – 4 yrs, in dream he descended into a chamber in ground that had a throne in it, seated on it was a tall object resembling a phallus, dream terrified him, he later decided it was another aspect of Christ, an unfriendly part
Throne – Father was pastor, J asked questions about faith, not satisfied with answers, father seemed to have a hollow faith, just saying the words, all dogma
J was leaving school, saw sun on a cathedral, had sudden thought that he was going to have a terrible thought that he had to prevent or he would damn his soul, in torment for days, but finally allowed thought – giant turd fell from sky and hit cathedral – message was that God was not all the trappings, important stuff was personal relationship with person and God

These experiences suggested that there were internal parts of him that knew things that the rest of him did not
Would often follow his intuitions or dreams – changed career from archeology to medicine b/c of dream
Occult – odd things happening, ex. woke with a headache to find one of patients put bullet in their head

… Biographical Cont’d
Adulthood
Married 1903

Freud’s successor

“creative illness”

love triangle

LIBIDO

Creative, biological life force (energy) for personal growth

As biological needs become easier to satisfy, energy is used for more spiritual problems

How much energy we devote to a problem determines its value to us

Married 1903
Freud’s successor – wrote favorable articles about F’s theories, gave accounts from his own practice to support it, started writing to F, met him, became very close friends, pres of F’s international psychoanalytic association
But J not convinced all behaviors and problems rooted in sexual issues, and also dream analysis – F and J were analyzing each other’s dreams, but F refused to tell J about all of the details of his life to help J understand what the dreams might symbolize, b/c F was afraid to give up authority
Illness – J almost 40, after break with F, had a period of internal uncertainty, self-absorbed, preoccupied with finding truth,
And had an affair: Love triangle – with a younger woman, involved her in family life and professional life
This is when he developed own personality theory (sometimes called “Analytical Psychology”)

and also dream analysis – F and J were analyzing each other’s dreams, but F refused to tell J about all of the details of his life to help J understand what the dreams might symbolize, b/c F was afraid to give up authority
Illness – J almost 40, after break with F, had a period of internal uncertainty, self-absorbed, preoccupied with finding truth,
And had an affair: Love triangle – with a younger woman, involved her in family life and professional life
This is when he developed own personality theory (sometimes called “Analytical Psychology”)

PRINCIPELS

Principle of Equivalence (1st law of thermodynamics)
Total amount of psychic energy is fixed

Principle of Opposites
Every concept has a polar opposite

Principle of Entropy
Tendency to equalize energy within a system

Principle of equivalence: Total amount of psychic energy is fixed
Similar to F’s ideas – only so much energy, and if you spend it on one thing it will not be available for other things
Opposites- Every concept has a polar opposite : masc/fem; introvert/extrovert; animalist/spiritual
If one part develops, usually at expense of other part
Goal of life should be to seek a balance between the two

Principle of entropy - Tendency to equalize energy within a system energy decreases over time (lots energy as child, less energy as older adult), and as we age, opposite sides of our personalities get more in balance
When we are young, the opposites will tend to be extreme, adolescents tend to exaggerate male-female differences, Plus, adolescents often swing from one extreme to another, being wild and crazy one minute and finding religion the next.
As we get older, most of us come to be more comfortable with our different facets. We recognize that we are all mixtures of good and bad. We are less threatened by the opposite sex within us and become more androgynous.

Components of Personality

1. Ego (conscious)
Responsible for sense of identity

thinking, feeling, remembering – conscious awareness

functions of daily living

2. Personal Unconscious
Material that was once conscious but was repressed or forgotten or not vivid enough to make an impression
Complex
Personally disturbing, interrelated feelings, memories, and impulses that are usually repressed, which would inhibit person growth; i.e., mother complex
Development of the word-association test

Ego (conscious)
Very similar to F’s idea of the ego
Responsible for sense of identity and for thinking, feeling, remembering, everything we are conscious of
Carries out functions of daily living

2. Personal Unconscious - material that was once conscious but
- was repressed or forgotten
- or not vivid enough to make an impression
Complex - Personally disturbing, interrelated feelings, memories, and impulses that are usually repressed, and tied to a particular theme (archetype) i.e., money complex, mother, sex, father, power… which would inhibit person growth; a problem because it ties up too much energy, and prevents personal growth
Development of the word-association test – taps into unconscious Test – list of a 100 words, person respond as quickly as possible with another word Kept track of things like failing to respond, repeating word, misunderstanding word, responding more than once, laughing,

3. Collective Unconscious
Most mystical, controversial concept
Collective experiences from human evolutionary past, inherited
Archetype
Inherited predisposition to respond to certain aspects of the world, formed because humans have a natural tendency to make myths

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Archetypes
PERSONA
One’s public self (mask, social roles)
Inflation of the persona
If Persona given too much importance, stifles other components of personality

Collective Unconscious
Most mystical, controversial concept
Collective experiences from human evolutionary past, inherited
Collective unconscious same for all people, regardless of culture
Archetype
Inherited predisposition to respond to certain aspects of the world, formed because humans have a natural tendency to make myths Readiness to produce a certain myth after a certain experience
This is most important and influential part of psyche
Lucas Skywalker – Hero
Obe Wan Kenobe - Good Father
Darth Vader - shadow ("dark side of the force")
Princess Leigh - Virgin
Yoda - wise old man
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PERSONA
One’s public self (mask, social roles), Exact role depends on person’s circumstances
Inflation of the persona
If Persona given too much importance, stifles other components of personality Everyone has need to play certain roles in society Some people think of their entire psyche as being persona, which will cause problems since we are more than just our roles

ANIMA & ANIMUS ------>
Shows males/females how to interact with opposite gender; an “ideal” male/female
Anima: Female component of the male psyche
Animus: Masculine component of the female psyche

SHADOW ----------->
Darkest, deepest part of the psyche, animal instincts (immoral, aggressive, passionate), but also spontaneity, creativity
Projected outward: monsters

SELF ---------->
Attempts to harmonize all the other components
Life’s primary goal

ANIMA & ANIMUS
Shows males/females how to interact with opposite gender; an “ideal” male/female
Anima: Female component of the male psyche
Causes men to have feminine traits and also to know how to respond to women
(intuition, tenderness, sentimentality, gregariousness)
Ex. the virgin, the harlot
Animus: Masculine component of the female psyche
(independence, aggression, competitiveness, adventurous spirit)
Again, balance should be sought – diff tends to be emphasized when we are younger, but we let more of each quality exist when we are older

SHADOW
Darkest, deepest part of the psyche, animal instincts (immoral, aggressive, passionate), but also spontaneity, creativity
Projected outward: monsters

SELF
Attempts to harmonize all the other components
Life’s primary goal

THERAPY ---->
Goal: to bring archetypes into consciousness and then integrate into personality; i.e., use them
Self-realization: harmonize components in psyche

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Stages of Development
Stages defined by where the focus of libidinal energy was

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Eight Personality Types

Self-realization: harmonize components in psyche
J thought that mental illness caused by either personal unconscious overcomes collective unconscious (psychosis), or
Personal unconscious totally cut off from collective unconscious

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Stages defined by where the focus of libidinal energy was

Childhood (from birth to adolescence)
Early: Energy directed toward survival skills; eating, walking
After age 5, more energy devoted to sexuality
Young Adulthood (from adolescence to about age 40)
Energy directed toward work, marriage, children, community
Middle Age (from about age 40 to the later years of life)
Most important phase
Energy directed toward finding a meaning in life
Many of his patients’ complexes from lack of religion
Ideally, focus switches from self concerns to world concerns
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Two general attitudes
Direction of energy flow
Extroversion: Sociable, outgoing, interested in external events Introversion: Quiet, imaginative, more interested in ideas

4 Functions of Thought

2 Attitudes X 4 Functions of thought = 8 Types

EXTROVERTED THINKING

How person sees the world, interprets info (how you deal with the world)
Either concentrated on how we make decisions, or on how we get information
Four functions of thought thinking – feeling (making judgments/decisions, how do you make judgments?; rational)
Feeling: Determines an object’s worth to the individual (emotions) Thinking: Tells what an object is (logic, reason) sensing – intuiting (getting information; irrational) Irrational b/c occurring independently of thought
Sensing: Detects the presence of objects (details) Intuiting: Provides hunches when no data are available (big picture)

Interested in facts about objects external to the self
Logical
Fixed rules
Represses emotions and feelings
Neglects friends and relationships
Extroverted thinking E (energy directed outward) T (making judgments/decisions; rational)
Tells what an object is (logic, reason)
Interested in facts about objects external to the self
Logical (The truth exists out there & must be followed (objective reality)
Fixed rules (Expects others to follow rules)
Represses emotions and feelings (Dogmatic, cold)

Extroverted Feeling

Extroverted Sensation

Extroverted Intuition

Extroverted feeling E (energy directed outward) F (making judgments/decisions; rational)
Determines an object’s worth to the individual (emotions)
Responds to reality emotionally, but only as appropriate to situation
Appropriate to situations, like at theatre, tv, to a joke; tries to adjust emotions to situation (might seem feigned to others)
Respects authority/tradition
Frequent among women

Extroverted sensation E (energy directed outward) S (getting information; irrational)
Detects the presence of objects (details)
Emphasizes sensory experience
Concerned with facts and details, “realist”
Not particularly interested in analysis of situation

Extroverted intuition E (energy directed outward) N (getting information; irrational)
Provides hunches when no data are available (big picture)
Concerned with possibilities for change in the external world, rather than with the familiar
Unconcerned with logic

Introverted Thinking

Introverted Feeling

Introverted Sensation

Introverted thinking
I (energy directed inward) T (making judgments/decisions; rational)
Tells what an object is (logic, reason)
Interested in ideas and inner reality
Inflexible, cold
Pays little attention to other people
Subjective reality
Follows own thoughts regardless of others, rejects criticism (only internal reality has relevance)
Jung was this type

Introverted feeling
I (energy directed inward) F (making judgments/decisions; rational)
Determines an object’s worth to the individual (emotions)
Subjective truth is the only truth
Follow own thoughts and feelings
Few friends

Introverted sensation
I (energy directed inward)
S (getting information; irrational)
Detects the presence of objects (details)
Creates own meaning for sensory experiences
e.g., musicians and artists

Introverted Intuition

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Explaining human behavior

Introverted intuition
I (energy directed inward) N (getting information; irrational)
Provides hunches when no data are available (big picture)
Explore implications of internal events
Often distant
Daydreamer

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Includes:
Extravert/Introvert scale
Thinking/Feeling scale
Intuiting/Sensing scale
Added:
Judging/Perceiving scale organized, plans vs. improvising
16 types
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Causality: attempt to explain adult personality in terms of prior experiences (past)
Past important for explaining behavior, but only influence - push
Teleology
human behavior has a purpose (future)
Also important, purpose of behaviors, future - pull

Synch – two events occur independently, but combined together they have meaning for the person

Research Techniques

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Contributions

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Criticisms

Word-association test
Study of psychotic patients
Self-study of dreams and visions
Wide, cross-cultural study of symbols, rituals, etc.
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Optimism about human nature
Importance of future
Importance of search for meaning as a motivator
Use of multiple cultures
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Nonfalsifiable
Unclear, contradictory
Emphasis of irrational and spirituality
Use of unscientific methods

Freud vs. Jung
Similarities ---------------->

Differences ------------->

Libido
Principle of Conservation of Energy; Principle of equivalence
Ego
Unconscious
Stages of Development
Causality
Dreams

Libido
Unconscious
Stages of Development
Causality and Teleology
Pessimistic/Optimistic about human nature
Religion

Alfred Adler

Organ Inferiority

Feelings of Inferiority

Striving for Superiority

Vailghlers as if policy

Fictional Goals and Lifestyles

Early Influences Early Influences
Illnesses as a child Illnesses as a child
Poor student at first Poor student at first
Older perfect brother
Domineering, socialist wife Domineering, socialist wife
Interest in everyday problems and people Interest in everyday problems and people Freud
Weak Organs Compensate to improve weakness
Emphasize other functions to make up for weak one
Overcompensation
Conversion of a biological weakness into a Conversion of a biological weakness into a strength
Emphasis shifted from physical to Emphasis to subjective inferiorities
All people born inferior
The desire to overcome inferiority is the primary motivator in life
Masculine Protest, Inferiority Complex

Life Goal seeking superiority
Striving for superior or perfect society
Superiority Complex

All experience of reality come through our senses
Humans have a natural tendency to give these sensations meaning

As if applied to lives of individuals: applied to lives of individuals, Because of past experiences world views created

Social Interests

Mistaken Lifestyles

Where do mistaken lifestyles to come from

Safeguarding strategies

Methods of Research

Three major problems or goals in life:
Occupational tasks: advance society
Societal tasks: cooperation/division of labor Love/marriage tasks: procreation Mistaken Lifestyle ,,any lifestyle not aimed at socially useful goals
Lifestyle types
Ruling type dominant type
Getting leaning
Avoiding type
Healthy lifestyle must be socially useful
Physical inferiority
Spoiling,pampering ,Neglecting

Used by neurotics to save self- -esteem
Excuses
Symptoms created to explain short- -comings comings Aggression Deprecation, Idealization: use of unrealistic standards to judge others
Solicitude: giving advice to point where you believe : giving advice to point where you believe others cannot live w/o you
Accusation: blame others for own short comings
Self-accusation self- -harm w/ the goal of gaining harm w/ the goal of gaining attention

Birth order , oldest to youngest
First memories ,,Dream analysts

Evaluating Adler’s Theory

Empirical Research
Criticisms
Falsifiability
Overly simplistic and optimistic
Contributions
Social variables
Influential