Cfl Modeling
1. Introduction
In order to reduce electric energy consumption, the use of CFLs, also known as energy saving lamps, is being strongly recommended. Utilities have also expressed concern since they have been actively recommending their use in their demand-side management (DSM) programs through giveaways and rebates.
CFLs are non-linear consumers. Non-linear consumers produce harmonic currents which flow through the electric power network. They cancel out in generators and other consumers. The results of those currents are harmonic voltages. Both harmonic voltages and canceling out harmonic currents affect performance of other consumers connected to the electric power network. Because most electrical systems were designed for linear voltage and current waveforms (i.e. nearly sinusoidal), excessive nonlinear loads can cause serious problems such as overheating conductors, transformer and capacitor failures as well as malfunction of electronic equipment. The magnitudes of harmonics generated by the CFLs vary between manufacturers and between ranges of lamps from the suppliers.
At present, no serious power quality problems have been reported with the use of CFLs. One reason may be that these lamp systems presently comprise a very small portion of the lamp market and are usually only a small portion of a building’s load. However, if their use continues to escalate such that they are a major portion of a building’s load power, quality may suffer. In fact, the poor power factor and/or high harmonics might limit the use of CFLs as an efficacious replacement for the incandescent lamp.
Although the CFL lamps are generally cost effective, their high initial cost compared with the incandescent lamp has limited their acceptance. Thus, manufacturers have introduced the simplest ballast (magnetic and electronic) designs. These low-cost designs employ neither power factor corrections nor harmonic filters.
1.1 CFLs Characteristics:
CFLs have been developed from
In order to reduce electric energy consumption, the use of CFLs, also known as energy saving lamps, is being strongly recommended. Utilities have also expressed concern since they have been actively recommending their use in their demand-side management (DSM) programs through giveaways and rebates.
CFLs are non-linear consumers. Non-linear consumers produce harmonic currents which flow through the electric power network. They cancel out in generators and other consumers. The results of those currents are harmonic voltages. Both harmonic voltages and canceling out harmonic currents affect performance of other consumers connected to the electric power network. Because most electrical systems were designed for linear voltage and current waveforms (i.e. nearly sinusoidal), excessive nonlinear loads can cause serious problems such as overheating conductors, transformer and capacitor failures as well as malfunction of electronic equipment. The magnitudes of harmonics generated by the CFLs vary between manufacturers and between ranges of lamps from the suppliers.
At present, no serious power quality problems have been reported with the use of CFLs. One reason may be that these lamp systems presently comprise a very small portion of the lamp market and are usually only a small portion of a building’s load. However, if their use continues to escalate such that they are a major portion of a building’s load power, quality may suffer. In fact, the poor power factor and/or high harmonics might limit the use of CFLs as an efficacious replacement for the incandescent lamp.
Although the CFL lamps are generally cost effective, their high initial cost compared with the incandescent lamp has limited their acceptance. Thus, manufacturers have introduced the simplest ballast (magnetic and electronic) designs. These low-cost designs employ neither power factor corrections nor harmonic filters.
1.1 CFLs Characteristics:
CFLs have been developed from