Charles V. Peter John Calvinism

1. Francis I- was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria
Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.
2. Cardinal Wolsey- Thomas Wolsey was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509,
Wolsey became the King's almoner
3. Peace Of Augsburg- a treaty signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League on September 25, 1555 at the city of
Augsburg in Germany. The effect of the treaty was to establish official toleration for
Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire.
4. Charles V- Holy Roman emperor (1519–56),
king of Spain (as Charles I,
1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to
Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America.
5. Catherine of Aragon- Catharine of Aragon was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII of England and previously Princess of Wales as the wife of
Prince Arthur.
6. Hundred Year’s War- an intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th century over a series of disputes, including the question of the legitimate succession to the French crown. The struggle involved several generations of English and French claimants to the crown and actually occupied a period of more than 100 years. By convention it is said to have started in 1337 and ended in 1453, but there had been periodic fighting over the question of English fiefs in France going back to the 12th century.
7. Great Schism- The Great Western Schism occurred in in Western Christendom from 1378 - 1417. In 1378 the papal court was based in Rome and an Italian was elected pope as Pope Urban VI. The cardinals in the French interest refused to accept him, declared his election void, and named Clement VII as pope. Clement withdrew to Avignon, whilst Urban remained in Rome. Western Christendom could not decide which one to obey. Some countries declared for Urban, while other countries accepted Clement. The spectacle of two rival popes, each holding himself out as the only true successor of St.
Peter, continued for about forty years and injured the Papacy more than anything else that had happened to it.
8. Calvanism- is the theological system associated with the Reformer John
Calvin that emphasizes the rule of God over all things as reflected in its understanding of Scripture, God, humanity, salvation, and the church. In popular vernacular, Calvinism often refers to the Five Points of Calvinistic doctrine regarding salvation, which make up the acrostic TULIP. In its broader sense,
Calvinism is associated with Reformed theology.
9. Henry VIII- Henry VIII was king of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was lord, and later king, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France

10. Richard III- Richard III was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 in the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty
11. Louis XIV- Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre. His reign as king, of 72 years and 110 days, is the longest in French and
European history. 12. Charles I- Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649
13. Isaac Newton- Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution
14. The Crusades- military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by Western Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and
1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291, usually as military campaigns intended to halt or slow the advance of Muslim power or to conquer pagan areas. Crusading declined rapidly during the 16th century with the advent of the Protestant Reformation and the decline of papal authority.
15. Knights of Templar- member of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, a religious military order of knighthood established at the time of the
Crusades that became a model and inspiration for other military orders. Originally founded to protect Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land, the order assumed greater military duties during the 12th century. Its prominence and growing wealth, however, provoked opposition from rival orders. Falsely accused of blasphemy and blamed for Crusader failures in the Holy Land, the order was destroyed by King
Philip IV of France.
16. Galileo- Galileo Galilei, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution
17. Charles II- Charles II was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War
18. Martin Luther- Martin Luther was a German monk, former Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of a reform movement in sixteenth century
Christianity, subsequently known as the Protestant Reformation.

19. Council of Trent- 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church
(1545–63), highly important for its sweeping decrees on self-reform and for its dogmatic definitions that clarified virtually every doctrine contested by the
Protestants. Despite internal strife, external dangers, and two lengthy interruptions, the council played a vital role in revitalizing the Roman Catholic church in many parts of Europe.
20. Ferdinand of Aragon- byname El de Antequera (“He of Antequera”) or El
Infante de Antequera (“the Infante of Antequera”) (born 1379?—died April 2,
1416, Igualada, Catalonia), king of Aragon from 1412 to 1416, second son of John I of Castile and Eleanor, daughter of Peter IV of Aragon.
21. Isabel of Castille- Isabella I, also known as Isabella the Catholic, was queen of
Castile and León. She and her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, brought stability to the kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain.
Part 1
1. Advantages Spanish had in conquest the Spanish had better technology than the natives did. Whereas the Inca and Aztecs were armed with bows and spears, the Spanish were armed with muskets and cannons. they terrified the native population. The Spanish also brought with them diseases that decimated the Native population. Whereas the Spanish had gained some immunity to smallpox and plague after centuries of exposure, the Native Americans had never experienced those diseases before. Another advantage the Spanish had was the fact that many of the smaller tribes were willing to ally with the
Spanish against the larger tribes. These alliances were particularly useful against the Aztecs. Because the
Aztecs had ruthlessly suppressed their neighbors the lands they encountered were rich in gold and silver or in land for raising cash crops like sugar cane. Since the Spanish knew that they could make a profit off these colonies, they were willing to invest the money and manpower they needed to protect those colonies. Against their European rivals for the territory, Spain had the advantage of being first in the
New World and possessing one of the best navies in the world at the time. This made it difficult for anyone else, with the exception of the Portuguese, to establish any major colonies south of Mexico. Guns,
Cannons (which they actually used to scare not to shoot), they took small pox and spread it on the natives, horses, ships, military techniques, military experience,
2. New Scientific vs. Medieval- One views the world using logic, reason, and science. The other used old traditions and religious dogmas.The first one seeks absolute truth, the second made up or adapted the truth to fit their preconceived views. The medieval concept of the universe came from early
Christian and scientific points of view. They inherited the notions from the Greeks and Romans and adapted these to Christianity. In this sense, medieval scholars proposed that the earth, as created by God, was the center of the universe. This geocentric concept established that the earth was an unmoving object located in the center of the universe. The scientists and philosophers, Aristotle and Ptolemy helped to develop this geocentric concept of the universe. They concluded that there were lives below and over the moon. They theorized that in the space below earth, water, fire, and air were thought to be the components of earthly bodies. Above, the element of celestial bodies was ether since it was the purest element, closer to heaven, which kept celestial objects above the earth. They conceived that the moon, the sun, and the planets all moved in a perfectly symmetric and circular path around the earth. They also believe that beyond the seven planets, there was a sphere of fixed stars. And, beyond the sphere of fixed stars, there would be Heaven. This was the geocentric idea, as God deliberately placed earth in the center of the universe. These medieval views were proven to be incorrect. Modern scientific discoveries proved that the planets and starts revolve and gravitate around the Sun. It have been demonstrated that there is a

gravitation force that keep the bodies stable on earth. Also, the thermodynamics of terrestrial objects have no correlation with the idea of heaven of hell
3. 14th diaster manorial- The fourteenth century brought with it a series of disasters in the West that broke down the medieval order that had prevailed before. Famine and plague killed millions, depopulating villages and towns. Revolts broke out in towns and across the countryside, not only bringing more violence but also raising the shocking specter of people attacking the very order of society. The manorial system in which serfs labored for their lords slowly broke down under the pressure, leaving a monetary system of rents and labor for hire. If one survived the disasters, life (at least in western Europe) might be better—higher wages and more opportunities awaited. The papacy, too, fell prey to disasters.
After new struggles with the kings of France, the popes lost prestige as they left Rome to live in Avignon and, subsequently, precipitated the Great Schism when disputed elections left two, then three, popes ruling at the same time. The medieval imperial papacy could not recover from such blows. Feudalism with its knights in shining armor also proved to be inadequate in the new age. During the devastating
Hundred Years' War, infantry armed with bows and arrows, pikes, and later guns proved more effective than knights, and kings slowly began to prefer money to military service from their vassals.In eastern
Europe, new empires arose with strong, autocratic rulers, and with the strengthening of these empires East and West grew further apart.
The tensions that emerged between the two profoundly influenced European life in the future. However, these eastern empires would soon face a western Europe with ideas and values dramatically different from those of the medieval West.

4. Power Christianity Crusades- Christians believed strongly in their faith and felt the need to exercise it in every way possible. The Crusades were seen as a way to unite European Christians in a common cause. Pope Urban saw this as a chance to make the kings and noble vassals be submissive to him under his spiritual leadership The main issue at hand was 4. 4. 4. 4. whether or not a Holy War was the
Christian task to undertake. Much discussion of the issue took place in the Western Christendom on
the notion of a holy war. Finally on November 18, 1095, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont—a council of French prelates and nobles at Clermont in Auvergne. Christianity was also being seen as promoting the ideal of a soldier who kills for religious reasons, which was an idea very foreign to the teachings of Jesus. However, many benefits for Europe came out of the Crusades. Crusades did not succeed in regards to their primary purpose. Christianity did not keep control of the Holy Lands, and ties with the Eastern Church were not strengthened. Many people looked down on the Crusades. Although the
Crusades may have been a down period in the history of the Christian Church, they are nonetheless a prominent factor in how the Christian religion is structured today. For the most part, Christians see this as the wrong way to react and tend to strongly stray from the concepts of a “Holy War” in today’s society.
With the teachings of Jesus preaching love, forgiveness, kindness, and many more qualities that are considered morally good, the way to accomplish tasks is no longer done by violence, but by peace and love. Part 2
1.The Kings did not have power over the church. They increase of kingdoms by land gain was how power was measured those days. And keeping a tighter control over their nobles. They were trying to expand their borders. kings and emperors tried to exert influence over the pope.

2. The Age of Exploration was instigated by two European countries situated on the Iberian Peninsula,
Spain and Portugal. In the 15th Century. They went because of trade, personal wealth, glory and to spread Christianity. Spain had spices, plants, and gold nuggets. They gained wealth because of their findings. Many other explorers were curious to see the “new world,” and the monarchs of Europe realized that by sponsoring explorers, they could establish colonies and expand their power bases abroad. Missionaries were also pleased at the discovery that there were whole societies of people they could try to convert to Christianity. The conquistadors explored the Southeast and Southwest of North
America, failing to find any evidence of gold. None of them realized at the time that the wealth of
North America was in its natural resources: timber, fruit, vegetables, a mild seasonal climate, and fertile land.
3. scientists, threatened the traditional order, especially the church. As their primary legacy, they widened the gap between religiously influenced doctrines and accepted scholarly thought. Equally significant, they set the intellectual stage for a series of revolutions that would soon sweep America and Europe.
Above all, their way of thinking—stressing reason, individualism, and progress—would form the intellectual foundation of modern Western society and further distinguish this civilization from its nonWestern counterparts. The intellectual and philosophical developments of the Enlightenment age (and their impact in moral and social reform) aspirted towards governmental consolidation, centralisation and primacy of the nation-state, and greater rights for common people. There was also a strong attempt to supplant the authority of aristocracy and established churches in social and political life, forces that were viewed as reactionary, oppressive and superstitious. 4. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over the Pope's claims of authority or supremacy over the whole church (which were rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs) and over the insertion of the 'Filioque' into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014 AD. The Eastern
Orthodox Church stated that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, so there would not be one ruler over the whole church, but self-governing Patriarchs in Old Rome and New Rome. reasons for the Schism, such as differences over liturgical practices, for example, the use of unleavened bread in the West. the Great
Schism to refer to the Schism of the East, when the Orthodox Church broke away from the Catholic
Church. Three months after the election of Urban VI, in 1378, the fifteen electing cardinals declared that they had appointed him only as a temporary vicar and that in any case the election was invalid as made under fear of violence from the Roman mob. Urban retorted by naming twenty-eight new cardinals and the others at once proceeded to elect Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII, who went to reside at Avignon. The quarrel was in its origin not a theological or religious one, but was caused by the ambition and jealousy of French influence, which was supported to some extent for political reasons by
Spain, Naples, Provence, and Scotland; England, Germany, Scandinavia, Wales, Ireland, Portugal,
Flanders and Hungary stood by what they believe to be the true pope at Rome. The Church was torn from top to bottom by the schism, both sides in good faith which lasted with its two lines of popes till the election of Martin V in 1417. It is now regarded as practically certain that the Urbanist popes were the true ones and their names are included in semi-official lists; moreover, the ordinal numbers of the
Clementine claimants (who, however, are not called anti-popes,) were adopted by subsequent popes of the same name