Closed-circuit Television and Very Great Extent

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Business nowadays has big problems in security. There are many cases presenting that crimes and fraud are attacking if the business were already closed and the business establishment have not enough security to prevent a particular crime. Security is one of the important things to consider in a business. It is important across all walks of life to ensure the overall safety and possessions of all individual are comprehensively protected. Closed Circuit Television is a situational measure that enables locale to be kept under surveillance remotely. This makes it possible for the police, and other law and regulatory agencies such as private security, to respond to incidents when alerted, and to have information about what to look for what they arrive. The storing of images means that post-incident analysis helpful to an investigation can be facilitated.

The presence of CCTV as integrated security solutions can also be important for the customers in a particular establishment to feel them secured. As their safety and wellbeing can be placed under threat by an individual who carries out violence or a criminal act, it is vital to integrate adequate protection. In doing so, it can play a fundamental role in catching any perpetrators who steal or damage valuable products or property.

Background of the Study A combination of perceptions and fears of increased street crime and advances in technology has seen an upsurge in the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) as a tool in tackling crime in public places. Many private companies and a number of local government authorities have initiated trials in the use of CCTV. Closed Circuit Television could reduce crime by increasing the likelihood that present offenders will be caught, stopped, removed, punished and therefore deterred. It is also could reduce crime by deterring potential offenders who will not want to be observed by CCTV operators or have evidence against the captured on camera. The presence of Closed Circuit Television provides confidence to the public and makes them less fearful about becoming a victim of crime.

According to NSW Government in Sydney, because CCTV is relatively new, it is still not clear how effective it is in deterring or reducing crime. Research evidence so far suggests that it can be an effective strategy in situational crime prevention at a local level, but only as one of a range of crime prevention strategies. It appears from the research that CCTV may be effective in addressing property crime and some types of assault and robbery. Evidence also suggests that the benefits of CCTV surveillance fade after a period of time, and that displacement may occur, that is, the crime may simply move to other areas away from the CCTV surveillance, or there may be a shift to different sorts of crime which are less susceptible to CCTV surveillance.

For these reasons, CCTV on its own can do little to address long term crime prevention. CCTV should only be considered as one part of an integrated crime prevention strategy and should be installed on a trial basis subject to rigorous evaluation as to its effectiveness.
Cited at Australian Government Initiative, Closed Circuit Television has both a set up cost and an ongoing recurrent operating cost. These costs can make it expensive to implement and maintain. Furthermore technology is constantly improving requiring ongoing decision making as to whether the equipment being used will need to be upgraded.

Conceptual Framework
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Statement of the problem 1. How far did the application of CCTV system prevented fraud and crime instances such as:

1. Theft and robbery

2. Vandalism and damage of property

3. Assault to person

2. What problems had been encountered by business organizations in the application of CCTV system with regards to:

1. Blurred footages and images

2. Cost of installation and maintenance

3. Power interruption

4. System requirement

3. What recommendation can be offered out of the result of the study?

Significance of the Study The researchers believe that this study has its own importance or significance. This study will give knowledge to business owners, customers and police authority about the importance of having CCTV system in business establishment. Business owners will be aware of the importance of having CCTV system in their business establishment. Customers will feel safe and protected when they are in a business establishment with this system. And will help police authority in solving crimes caught with this system.

Scope and Limitation The study applies a few individuals who will be our respondents in our survey questioner. There will befrom different places from CAMANAVA area and there will be 30 respondents and it will categorize into two: business establishment using CCTV Systems and Police Authority who have knowledge about cases of crimes resolving with the use of CCTV System.

Definitions of Terms • CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) – is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.

• Security – is the degree of protection against danger, damage, loss and crime.

• Customer – is the recipient of a good, service, product, or idea obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier for a monetary or other valuable consideration.

• Business Establishment – an establishment where business is conducted, goods are made or stored or processed or where services are rendered.

• Surveillance – a close observation of a person or group, especially one under suspicion.

• Crime – Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also, any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Close circuit television as an effective safety and management tool for crime reduction, prevention and solving problems in its system. There are several ways to discuss Closed Circuit Television systems, in terms of its use and effectiveness. Such as discussion requires a complex analysis of the types of surveillance can be ‘overt’ or ‘covert’ and used for alternative means: to discourage potential offenders, for the police to gather images to build files or for evidences at court.
1. How far the application of CCTV system did prevented fraud and crime instances? According to Vivien Carli (2008) video surveillance is not an isolated concept but encompasses several facets. Considering ‘preservatives’ and ‘protective’ video surveillance, whereby preservative suggests that preservation of public order and prevention of antisocial behavior, while protective refers to protection of risk in specific areas or the creation of ‘risk-free’ public spaces. CCTV is generally used for information on access control, conduct control, registering evidence, flow control and the planning of deployment.

Video Surveillance is a technology system of surveillance by cameras, which can be set up and used by public authorities on public places for crime prevention and crime prosecution. It is multifunctional technology, initially used to manage risk in cases of traffic jams, fire, accidents and crime. Vivien Carli (2008) also found that CCTV technology is deemed as an efficient and successful tool for reducing crime rates within targeted areas. There have been, and continue to be, countless studies devoted to proving this stances and asserting the claim that CCTV systems are useful and at time the best solution.. Such studies suggest that CCTV systems have preventative and reactive, revive business in desolate or poor areas, increase the efficiency of the police force, build social cohesion, protect the private environment of citizens and assure confidence and ensure feelings of safety and security, thus leading to a more ordered and stable society. However, opponents of CCTV technology claim that there is too much focus on the ability of CCTV to reduce crime. CarstenWiecek and Ann RudinowSaetnan (2002) tell that Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has been presented to us a technical solution to security problems. With the help of CCTV, it provides claim, we can more effectively prevent, detect, and prosecute crimes ranging from major terrorism to minor vandalism. With the help of CCTV, both public and private spaces can be made more secure.

2. What problems had been encountered by business organizations in the application of CCTV system John Honovich (2008) states that such a focus produces misleading studies and draw s away from a proper assessment and evaluation of the impact of CCTV on solving crime. Instead, he calls for a shift of the focus toward a structural approach; exploring the roots causes of crime. According to Australian Institute of Criminology (2004) Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has both a set up cost and an ongoing recurrent operation cost. These costs can make it expensive to implement and maintain. Furthermore, technology is constantly improving requiring ongoing decision making as to whether the equipment being used will need to be upgraded. There are a wide range of costs associated with CCTV systems, with the most expensive involving many cameras, 24 hour monitoring and ‘active’ monitoring. Catalano (Jana Lepon and Rachel Popkin, 2007) says on how useful CCTV cameras, “We’ve had some instances where they’ve helped in ongoing investigations, or solving crimes.” “We go back and look at tape and maybe we see a known offender on tape, or it helps us pinpoint a point in time.” He stresses that CCTV is just one tool in an investigation, just as much as card-swipe access records in the case of a prank fire alarm.

Catalano stressed that security has many pieces: police, guards, access control, and CCTV cameras. The cameras in and of themselves are not considered their own vehicle for security. Catalano (Jana Lepon and Rachel Popkin, 2007) said he could not reveal the locations of the cameras, but he said that they tended to be installed in “very public areas, lobbies, sensitive areas. And labs that the people are concerned about.” He emphasized that the main use of these cameras was not catching someone stealing, but for more mundane purposes. By the way of example, he said that one school has very busy loading duck, and has a camera watching it. This camera is used mostly to figure out which truck banged into the building so that the repair bills can be sent accordingly.

As Weiss (1987) (Clive Norris, 2009) has argued there are three main types of crime prevention activity: primary, secondary and tertiary.Primary crime prevention is focused on the offence rather than the offender, and is often associated with situational crime prevention strategies which focus on the immediate and localized context of the offence. Secondary crime prevention is concerned with offenders rather than offences and seeks, by intervening in the lives of those who are most at risk of offending, to prevent them committing crimes in the future.Tertiary crime prevention strategies focus on reducing or preventing the criminality of already known offenders, and this will typically involve forms of rehabilitation programs with convicted criminals. According to Clarke 1992 (Clive Norris, 2009) as a crime prevention strategy CTTV has generally found its theoretical justification from situational crime prevention and, as such, is neither concerned with the wider social structural causes of crime nor interventions aimed at fundamentally altering the individual. Indeed, as disillusion with both social welfare approaches and the efficacy of criminal justice measures in prevention have prevailed, the appeal of situational crime prevention has increased. The appeal comes not just from its supposed efficacy, but also in its de-politicization of the problem of crime.

Clive Norris, 2009 found out that the presence of CCTV provides reassurance to the public and makes them less fearful about becoming a victim of crime. As we have seen, a number of attitude surveys have shown that people report that they would feel safer if CCTV were installed. However, while the public believe that, in general, people will feel safer when the cameras are introduced, when people are asked whether it will make them feel personally safer far fewer think it would.14 It has also been found that knowledge of the camera watching over them had no effect on respondent’s levels of fear of crime, seemingly repudiating the idea that CCTV can be justified as a measure to reduce the fear of crime.

Chapter 3
Research Methodology

Research Method The researcher used Quantitative research which quantifies or measures the extent of the Closed Circuit Television System on preventing fraud and crimes. It is focuses to the experiences and opinions of the respondents. The quantitative tools are step to confirm the conclusion drawn in the basis of data.

Population and/or Sample of the Study The researches chose to have survey in CAMANAVA area with have 30 respondents and categorized into 2 which are 15 business establishments uses CCTV Systems and 15 police authority which have cases of fraud and crimes that are used CCTV system in solving those cases. The researchers categorized the sample in to three because they want to have idea on how the categories view the questions with their own perception.

Treatment of Data P=F x 100 30

Where in: P= Percent of the answer F= Total number of the tally

M= (R x T) M=(R x T) T.B T.P Where in: T=Tally of Business R= Rating Scale Establishments/ Police Authority T.B/T.P= Total Business Establishments/Total Police Authority

Sampling Techniques The researchers used the Non-random/ Non-probability Sampling and under this category, the researchers used Quota Sampling. They select 30 individuals divided into two groups which are business establishment and police authority.

Research Instrument The researchers use Descriptive Statistics. It can be describe the important characteristics of each category. This research instrument is the best instrument in analyzing quantitative data.

Data Gathering Procedure The researchers conduct their survey from 15 business establishments and 15 police authorities. The researchers will conducted their survey in oral and personal interview process. The data collection was done through questionnaire survey. The researchers present the survey questionnaire to the respondents who are having knowledge those topics. All results information gathered will need for the study.

Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The researchers have conducted surveys to 30 samples which categories into two groups which are 15 business establishments and 15 police authorities so that the researchers may perceive the different views and opinions of the business establishment and police authorities about the subject matter.

1. How far did the application of CCTV system prevented fraud and crime instances such as:

1.1 Theft and Robbery The table shows that most of the respondents say that having Closed Circuit Television System in business establishment may help to catch and scare off criminal and to feel secured.
| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|CCTV can help to |3.13 |Great Extent |2.27 |Moderate Extent |3.70 |Very Great Extent |
|catch criminals | | | | | | |
|CCTV can scare off |3.73 |Very Great Extent |3.60 |Very Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |
|criminals | | | | | | |
|CCTV surveillance |3.07 |Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |3.37 |Very Great Extent |
|make you feel | | | | | | |
|secure | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.31 |Very Great Extent |3.18 |Great Extent |3.58 |Very Great Extent |

1.2 Vandalism and damage to property

Generally, Closed Circuit Television System can prevent vandalism or damage to property and helps to determine the person who subject for damages of properties and provide 24-hour security and surveillance to property.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|CCTV installed in a |3.80 |Very Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |3.74 |Very Great Extent |
|specific area may | | | | | | |
|prevent vandalism or| | | | | | |
|damage to property. | | | | | | |
|CCTV helps to |3.33 |Very Great Extent |3.93 |Very Great Extent |3.63 |Very Great Extent |
|determine the person| | | | | | |
|who is accountable | | | | | | |
|of the damages of | | | | | | |
|properties. | | | | | | |
|CCTV provides |3.40 |Very Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |3.54 |Very Great Extent |
|24-hour security and| | | | | | |
|surveillance to | | | | | | |
|property. | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.51 |Very Great Extent |3.75 |Very Great Extent |3.63 |Very Great Extent |

1.3 Assault to person

According to the majority of the respondents, in table 1.3 application of CCTV System can help in resolving crimes, detection and prevention of criminal intention in public and private places.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|CCTV can help in |3.47 |Very Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |3.57 |Very Great Extent |
|resolving crimes | | | | | | |
|CCTV helps in |3.47 |Very Great Extent |2.20 |Great Extent |3.67 |Very Great Extent |
|detection and | | | | | | |
|prevent threats and| | | | | | |
|terrorism | | | | | | |
|CCTV system may |3.53 |Very Great Extent |3.93 |Very Great Extent |3.73 |Very Great Extent |
|prevent criminal | | | | | | |
|intention against | | | | | | |
|people in public | | | | | | |
|and private places.| | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.49 |Very Great Extent |2.60 |Great Extent |3.65 |Very Great Extent |

2. What problems had been encountered by business organizations in the application of CCTV system with regards to:

1. Blurred footages and images

Almost both respondents highly agreed that CCTV system has a problem in terms of unidentifiable images which can be unhelpful for crime solutions and the same with the distance of CCTV cameras can affect the visibility and clearness of the footages that can result to uncertainty of images.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|Unidentifiable image |3.47 |Highly Agree |3.80 |Highly Agree |3.64 |Highly Agree |
|that is unhelpful for | | | | | | |
|crime solutions | | | | | | |
|The visibility and |3.33 |Highly Agree |3.93 |Highly Agree |3.63 |Highly Agree |
|clearness of the | | | | | | |
|footages | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.40 |Highly Agree |3.87 |Highly Agree |3.63 |Highly Agree |

2. Cost of Installation and Maintenance

According to the business establishment they disagree that installation and maintenance of CCTV System are costly and cannot be afforded by most establishments and some establishment may perceive that CCTV Systems are all costly to maintain. In contrast, police authority highly agree that installation and maintenance are costly and can be afforded by most establishments and also agree for some business establishments perceive that CCTV system are costly to maintain.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|Installation and |1.33 |Disagree |3.20 |Agree |2.27 |Highly Disagree |
|maintenance are costly and| | | | | | |
|cannot be afforded by most| | | | | | |
|establishments. | | | | | | |
|Some establishment |2.93 |Agree |3.13 |Agree |2.03 |Highly Disagree |
|perceived that CCTV | | | | | | |
|systems are costly to | | | | | | |
|maintain. | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |2.13 |Highly Disagree |3.16 |Agree |2.15 |Highly Disagree |

3. Power Interruption

According to business establishment they highly agree that power interruption can be a problem in some establishment that it may affect the continuously operation and monitoring of CCTV System and may cause damage to their system. In contrast, police authority agree that power interruption may affect the continuously operation and monitoring of CCTV system and they disagree that it may cause damage to the system.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|Power interruption |3.40 |Highly Agree |3.07 |Agree |3.24 |Agree |
|may affect the | | | | | | |
|continuously | | | | | | |
|operation and | | | | | | |
|monitoring of CCTV | | | | | | |
|system. | | | | | | |
|Power interruption |3.73 |Highly Agree |1.07 |Disagree |2.40 |Highly Disagree |
|may cause damage to | | | | | | |
|the system. | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.57 |Highly Agree |2.07 |Highly Disagree |3.82 |Highly Agree |

4. System Requirement

Generally, both business establishment and police authority highly agree that CCTV System require complicated installation and maintenance procedure and are need to be updated which may be perceived costly part of the establishment.

| |Business Establishment |Police Authority |Grand Mean |
|Particular |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |Mean |Interpretation |
|CCTV system may |3.73 |Highly Agree |3.60 |Highly Agree |3.60 |Highly Agree |
|require complicated | | | | | | |
|installation and | | | | | | |
|maintenance | | | | | | |
|procedures. | | | | | | |
|CCTV system may |3.60 |Highly Agree |3.27 |Highly Agree |3.40 |Highly Agree |
|require continues | | | | | | |
|system upgrade which | | | | | | |
|may be perceived as | | | | | | |
|costly on the part of| | | | | | |
|the establishment | | | | | | |
|Grand Mean |3.67 |Highly Agree |3.44 |Highly Agree |3.50 |Highly Agree |

Chapter 5
Summary Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings Nowadays, business establishments that use Closed-Circuit Television System (CCTV) may prevent and scare off criminals and feel secured day and night. In addition, it helps the police authority to catch people doing unlawful activities. In contrast, CCTV may become unhelpful in resolving crimes in terms of unidentified images and same with the distance, cameras can affect visibility and clearness of the footages that results to uncertainty of the images. Furthermore, installations of CCTV system are costly and cannot be afford by most of the establishments and sometimes power interruption can be a problem also.

Conclusion Closed-Circuit Television System (CCTV) plays a vital role in business establishments. Having the age of technology CCTV is an effective tool in resolving many crimes related to business. With the help of CCTVs law violators are identified and eventually, it helps the authority to catch the identified person/s easily. The only problem is that CCTV installations are costly and sometimes camera used on the footage is not that good, it produces blurred images that is hard for the authority to identify the suspect. In conclusion, CCTVs can help so much in the business world, one thing the company must consider is that, they should choose a high quality CCTV system and place them in their respective places.

Recommendations • For the business establishments, they should make sure that the CCTV they will choose is in good condition and in high quality.

• Business establishments should have a back-up memory for storage of footages and it must have separation of memory so that if suspects try to get or damage the memory for storage of footages, business owners have a back-up memory to identify the crime.

• Business establishments should make sure that CCTV Cameras are in their appropriate places. It should be place in corner to corner of their establishment and it should be place in hidden place so that it will be clearly see the persons who accountable in crime. If possible, try to have many Cameras in different corners or angle.

• Business establishment should have a back-up power supply for their CCTV system for continuously running of CCTV System.

• Police Authority must have knowledge in Closed Circuit Television System in terms of enhancing the quality of the footages so that it will help to see clearly the suspects.

• Business Owners who are trying to buy a CCTV System should not be hesitant to the high cost of the CCTV because if you invest more you earn more security and if you’re CCTV Cameras are high end brand you have no problem in unidentifiable footages.

Bibliography

Martin Gill, Angela Spriggs (February 2005) “Assessing the impact of CCTV” Home Office Research Study 292

HinaUttamKeval (September 2008) “Effective, Design,

Configuration, and Use of Digital CCTV” Department of Computer Science University College London

Moira Carroll-Mayer, Ben Fairweather and Bernd Carsten Stahl

(2008) “CCTV Identity Management and Implications for

Criminal Justice: some considerations”

DHS Privacy Office Public Workshop (December 17 and18,2007)

“CCTV:DEVELOPING PRIVACY BEST PRACTICES”

Ann RudinowSætnan, Heidi MorkLomell and CarstenWiecek

(2004)“Controlling CCTV in Public Spaces: Is Privacy the

(Only) Issue? Reflections on Norwegian and Danish

observations” Surveillance & Society and the author

NSW Attorney General’s Department (2000)

“NSW Government Policy Statement and Guidelines for

the Establishment and Implementation of Closed Circuit Television in public places”

Vivien Carli Montreal (December 2008)

“Assessing CCTV as an effective safety and management

tool for crime-solving, prevention and reduction”

Coretta Phillips “A REVIEW OF CCTV EVALUATIONS: CRIME

REDUCTION EFFECTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS ITS

USE” Crime Prevention Studies Home Office Policing and Reducing CrimeUnit

Elizabeth Charman (1992)

“CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION IN PUBLIC PLACES:

IT’S ACCEPTABILITY AND PERCEIVED

EFFECTIVENESS” SERIES: PAPER NO.35 LONDON:

HOME OFFICE POLICE DEPARTMENT

Peter Fry (2010)

“An Independent Public Opinion Survey On The Use And

Value Of Cctv In Public Areas Commissioned By

The Cctv User Group and Undertaken by Rns Research International” Director, CCTV User Group Leading, Working, Delivering for all CCTV Users

NSW Police Public Affairs (2002)

“Robbery and Violence In The Retail Industry – Guide

Workcover Nsw Health And Safety Guide”

Jerry Ratcliffe PhD and Travis Taniguchi (2008)

“CCTV CAMERA EVALUATION: The crime reduction

effects of public CCTV cameras in the City of

Philadelphia, PA installed during 2006” Department of Criminal JusticeTemple University Philadelphia, PA

Clive Norris (2009)

“A Review of The Increased Use Of Cctv And Video

Surveillance for Crime Prevention Purposes In Europe

Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs” Department of

Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, UK

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LEGEND: 1. 1.00-1.74 (Less Extent) 2. 1.75-2.49 (Moderate Extent) 3. 2.50-3.24 (Great Extent) 4. 3.25-4.00 (Very Great Extent)

LEGEND: 1. 1.00-1.74 (Disagree) 2. 1.75-2.49 (Highly Disagree) 3. 2.50-3.24 (Agree) 4. 3.25-4.00 (Highly Agree)

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

CBA

Bibliography: Martin Gill, Angela Spriggs (February 2005) “Assessing the impact of CCTV” Home Office Research Study 292 HinaUttamKeval (September 2008) “Effective, Design, (2008) “CCTV Identity Management and Implications for Criminal Justice: some considerations” DHS Privacy Office Public Workshop (December 17 and18,2007) “CCTV:DEVELOPING PRIVACY BEST PRACTICES” Ann RudinowSætnan, Heidi MorkLomell and CarstenWiecek (2004)“Controlling CCTV in Public Spaces: Is Privacy the NSW Attorney General’s Department (2000) “NSW Government Policy Statement and Guidelines for the Establishment and Implementation of Closed Circuit Television in public places” Vivien Carli Montreal (December 2008) USE” Crime Prevention Studies Home Office Policing and Reducing CrimeUnit Elizabeth Charman (1992) Peter Fry (2010) “An Independent Public Opinion Survey On The Use And NSW Police Public Affairs (2002) “Robbery and Violence In The Retail Industry – Guide Workcover Nsw Health And Safety Guide” Jerry Ratcliffe PhD and Travis Taniguchi (2008)