structural violence is a form of violence where social structures inhibits the ability of individuals and societies from reaching their full potential and it limits their basic needs. Social structures, like economic, political, religious and etc., are responsible for the marginalization of minority groups in the population and thus producing a cycle of inequalities. For example, Coates in his article “The Case for Reparations” demonstrates the effects of the absence of legal protection for African Americans before the civil rights movement. Clyde Ross was an intelligent boy, but the local laws limited his ability to achieve his academic potential because he lived too far from school with no access to transportation. In addition, the property…
The Woodlawn Property Owner’s Association initiated a restrictive covenant that encouraged homeowners not to sell their homes to black prospectors in order to combat the growing number of non-whites moving into the neighborhood. However, this covenant did not prevent those of color from working as servants and chauffeurs and residing in the “basement, barn or garage” of these homes. When black resident Carl Hansberry bought a home in one of these Chicago neighborhoods in 1940 where the covenant was in play, the case made its way to the Supreme Court, Hansberry v. Lee, where Hansberry was allowed to challenge it because the proper amount of signatures to uphold the covenant was not obtained. This led to more black residents inhabiting these…
Clyde Ross was born in 1923 near clarksdale, mississippi in the midst of Jim Crow. Ross’s parents owned and farmed a 40-acre tract of land, flush with cows, hogs, and mules. Ross’s family is just like any other family in america living a normal life. Mississippi official would soon seize their land claiming that his dad owed $3000 in back taxes. This was a typical theft of black owned land. As Clyde grew older he was drafted in the army and fought in World War II. Clyde would later migrate to Chicago seeking the protection of the law. Clyde would soon fall in trap of redlining. According to Coates, “Redlining went beyond FHA-backed loans and spread to the entire mortgage industry, which was already rife with racism, excluding black people from most legitimate means of obtaining a mortgage.” Whites could rely on a credit system backed by the government but blacks like Clyde Ross were herded into the sights of unscrupulous lenders who took them for money and for sport. Ross would join the Contract Buyers League, they demanded payback of all monetary cost and improvements made. The Contract Buyers League wanted restitution from the crime committed against their community. Reparations were being sought after.…
De facto segregation in the north also affected housing. Whites didn’t like living near blacks. When whites sold their houses many refused to sell to blacks. Those that did sell their homes to blacks often charged far higher prices than they would to their white counterparts. Many blacks lived together away from the whites in ghettos. Black struggled to find affordable housing. Whites often charged blacks much higher prices than whites. Blacks struggled to afford housing costs because they were so expensive. It was also because of the inequalities surrounding work.…
Such discrimination continued well into the twentieth century with mortgage discrimination based on race and most recently targeting black communities for subprime…
Having been rated a “D” in neighborhood, blacks were ineligible to obtain a mortgage and in a sense were not considered Americans as well. Cultural citizenship is rooted in home ownership because a homeowner was a member of society. They had the ability to earn credit and accumulate wealth, a benefit blacks were denied. This gap between who gets to settle where has created tension between races. In essence, blacks are excluded by what it means to be American and…
Historically speaking blacks were kept out of certain neighborhoods because it lowers property values and somehow becomes a more dangerous area. The house my family lives in now is in a gated community, and we happen to be one of the three black families that live there. That being said, I would like to tell Jack and Betty that the housing segregation they faced back then is still a major racial problem for today, however it is not in the main list of priorities that the African American community addresses. My mom flips houses and she is faced with the stark differences in community and the lack of diversity within the upper-class areas. We have seen all black upper-class areas that are very nice but mostly see mostly white areas. Times have changed and African American is allowed to live wherever they choose and cannot be discriminated against; however, de jure segregation has certainly influences de facto living…
Natalie Moore’s The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation, puts into perspective the historical and cultural prevalence of black segregation and subsequent discrimination and social adaptations that have spawned where politics has continually failed. The struggle of the blacks and minorities to create sustaining communities to reinvest in and bolster future generations with have faced racial based political stonewalling and “redlining” since the Northern migrations (p. 7) of the early 20th century. Employing a combination of personal rhetoric and historical precedents Moore investigates and analyzes how continued failure from the Chicago Housing Authority coincides with the societal exclusion of the poor or less fortunate…
middle-class blacks to be placed in certain areas of living due to “banks, insurance companies,…
T.H. Breen's and Stephen Innes’s book "Myne Owne Ground" does and outstanding job of pointing out the difference in perspectives when it came to living in the south and being black was like. It goes in depth and shows how a black person was competent and was capable to acquire a wealth that was comparable to a wealthy white man, but it is never recognized by the general white population. The authors make an argument that in early colonial Virginia blacks that owned property were able to live semi-normal, if not prosperous, racism free lives. Breen and Innes argue that before the Virginia slave codes were passed, property owning blacks had a chance to be viewed as relative equals to whites.…
‘Social Contract Theories and the Rights of People of Color’ Homework Nidhi Lala Indiana University, Bloomington Philosophy-P 145 Professor Sandra Shapshay 18th, September, 2014 Ta-Nehisi Coates makes an incredibly powerful statement about the rights of African Americans in ‘The Case for Reparations’. He traverses American History by exposing the various socioeconomic ways in which African American have been exploited. Coates’ shows through this essay that the exploitative acts of the past directly caused the disadvantages facing African Americans today. His argument for reparations rests on four basic premises- 1.…
In the case of Atlanta, the city’s elites targeted mixed-race communities adjacent to predominantly White spaces with the claim they were “blighted” in order to justify their demolishing in order to serve private interest. In 1933 and 1996, the impacts of the racialization of blight, urban renewal, and residential segregation culminated in Atlanta with increasing tension between Black and White landowners/residences. In 1933, developer, Charles Forrest Palmer spearheaded two public housing projects Techwood and University Homes, both of which served as examples of housing with racial disparities as one served to accommodate Whites and the other, Blacks (Taylor 244). Within these developments, housing was given to Whites as a priority hence,…
Richard Rothstein argues that governments at the federal, state, and local levels acted consistently and with meaningful effect to subjugate African Americans. Though both of them have definitely had a very negative impact, I believe that policies and laws that affected residential segregation had more of an impact on African American lives than those that reduced wages for African Americans. Two of the major policies that have led to residential segregation and have made it have more of an impact on African American lives than those that reduced wages for African Americans are President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, and the 1949 Housing Act. In President Franklin Roosevelt’s Deal, we saw the first segregated public housing projects. These first segregated public housing projects were started because the FHA claimed that if African Americans lived in the same neighborhoods as whites, the property values of those neighborhoods would decline.…
Los Angeles in the 1900s was changing at a very rapid pace. African Americans from the South were migrating to the major cities of the North in search of opportunity. In the 1920s, the first wave of migration largely bypassed the city of Los Angeles. But starting in the 1940s, the second wave of migration caused Los Angeles’s population to skyrocket from 63,700 to 350,000 by the year 1960. This mass-migration caused many demographic problems in the new racially diverse city. The first sign of lingering segregation was that Blacks and Hispanics were still not allowed to buy real estate in certain areas of the city, even though it was illegal. This caused a completely uneven distribution of race across the city. Another factor in this problem was new house construction. Suburban house constructors like Davenport saw the opportunity for an increase in house sales in suburban areas, so they used unsettled land in cities like Compton to create a blue-collar paradise. The houses were of lower middle class quality and were great for African American workers who recently moved to the city. The third factor for the uneven distribution was a process known as blockbusting. Realtors would sell empty houses in white neighborhoods to black families, then convince the rest of the white neighborhood that the black community is infiltrating this area. All the white families would move out and the realtors would sell the newly empty…
Even if white people sold African American land, it would not have much value. White people did not want African Americans to prosper. White people found ways to stop African Americans from voting. ” Such laws and the constant threat of violence caused African American voting to decline sharply” (p. 512).…