Compare The Motives Of European Conquest To America
Motives of European conquest to America- land, trade, missionary: A series of wars began between Christians and Muslims. They were fighting for control of the area of Southwest Asia called Palestine. This area contained Christian shrines and holy places. Land: each noble ruled a piece of land and hoped to rule more. Strong rulers were able to unify nearby lands.
Purpose of the American colonies in eyes of Europeans- Mercantilism: mercantilism is guided by economic principles. Governments held that a nation¡¯s power was directly related to it¡¯s wealth. But colonial merchants wanted to make money for themselves, not for Great Britain.
Purpose of the American colonies in eyes of Europeans- mercantilism: Great Britain and its American colonies struggled to balance conflicting interests. Guided by economic principles the government held that nations¡¯ power was directly related to its wealth.
Spanish, French, Dutch Colonization- extent, motives, relations with natives, decline: Spanish- motives were land, trade, missionary which is power and wealth. Encomienda system was established in which nobility gets land with rights to use Indians as slave labor. Spanish decline was the destruction of Armada in 1588 and the colonies were gone by 1800¡¯s. French- it¡¯s motives were land and trade. Extent was St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, Canada, and …show more content…
Mississsippi River to New Orleans. Their main interest was the fur trade. It¡¯s decline was the French and Indian War and France was out of America. Dutch- it¡¯s motives were land and trade. IT¡¯s extent was New Ntherlands. It¡¯s relations with the Native American was copperation. Their decline was to threat to English profits which made the Dutch expel in 1664
English Colonization- motives- religious, political, economic power: After the defeat of Spanish Armada, English began to set up colonies in North America. They came for many reasons. Economic problems made them eager for new opportunities. In the lower classes, farmworkers and farmers were not making much money. Jamestown was the first English colony that survived, although it encountered many hardships along the way. Many settlers died from malaria or dysentery from contaminated water. Settlers spent more time looking for gold than food.
The Colonies- New England, Middle and Southern- economics, social and political: North- colonists in the north found that crops did not grow well in rocky, forested New England. So they practiced ¡°subsistence farming¡± which meant growing just enough food for one family. Good harbors, inexpensive ships, and a tradition of seafaring also encouraged the development of commerce in the northern colonies. They were part of the triangular trade which consisted of the trade routes that linked North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Great Britain. In Southern colonies, their economies were based on agrarianism, which means that they had many small farms and some large plantations. They produced valuable cash crops. They relied on plantation system and its valuable crops. Middle colonies: they had better land and a milder climate, so farmers had more success in that region.
Indentured Servants: agreed to work as servants for a certain # of years, in return for food, and a paid trip to America Salutary Neglect- self-gov: when British officials were involved in colonial policy, they did not rule strictly. It was named Salutary Neglect which the colonies benefited by being left alone.
Role and influence of the enlightment ideas on colonist- natural law, ability to reason: the ideas of the Enlightment began in the educated upper classes of Europe but soon was spread through Europ[ean continent. Through the Enlightment, the gov. protected the citizen¡¯s ¡°natural rights¡±. These rights were life, liberty, and property.
Enlightment Philosophers and influence on colonists-Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau: John Locke wrote ¡°Two Treatises of Gov.¡± He said that it was gov¡¯s duty to to protect the citizens¡¯ ¡°natural rights¡± He also said that in a civil society, people Had a social contract with the gov. This contract said if the gov. didn¡¯t protect citizens and their rights, then they were justified in changing their gov. Another philosopher Baron de Montesquieu suggested that the powers of gov. should be divided and that it will guarantee liverty by keeping any person or group from gaining too much power. Volataire urged religious freedom and was bitter against Catholic Church. He believed that its insistence upon authority barred human progress. Rousseau emphasized the idea that the General Will- the rule of the majority- is supreme and that it was unlimited power. His idea was used by dictatorships to justify totalitarian rule.
Slavery in the colonies: Enslaved African Americans made up a large population in several southerin states. Southern states at first wanted to count all slaves for representation but none for taxation. The three-fifth compromise, delegates agreed that all whites plus three-fifth of the slave population would be counted for both representation and taxation.
The Great Awakening- what was it and how did it change the social and political order of the day: The Great Awakening made religion accessible to the people, and church membership grew. As with the Enlightment¡¯s emphasis on the individual, this was important as the colonies began to redefine their relationship with Great Britain.
The French and Indian War- Impact of the war on the colonists- How did British rule change? France joined with some Indian nations to attack England. Spain and its American colonies were also involved. The British built forts and alliances of their own. The power struggle between two nations and their allies created constant battles along the frontier. Spain and Great Britain also had clashed over territory in North America. Things changed when William Pitt took control of the war. This allowed the British to recapture some forts from the French, but the Americans disliked the new idea. Impact of the French and Indian War include colonial unity, new boundaries, war debt, and effects on Native Americans
Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Townshend Duties, Coercive Acts(Intolerable Acts): Sugar Act, it taxed sugar from the French and Spanish West Indies. This means colonists would have to buy sugar from the British West Indies. It was also the act that was called ¡°taxation without representation¡± because the colonies had no representative in Parliament. Stamp Act, required colonists to pay for an official gov stamp on certain paper items. This was the first time Parliament had taxed the colonists directly and Americans protested the stamp tax. Quartering Act said that the colonists must provide food, drink, fuel, living space, and transportation for British soldiers stationed in America. Townshend Duties, they taxed certain goods that were imported from England. It gave customs officers the right to search anyone¡¯s house for smuggled goods without a search warrant. Intolerable Act, British officials enacted four laws to punish Massachusetts and to set an example for other colonies. This was so harsh that it was called the Intolerable Acts.
No taxation without representation : refer back to the Sugar Act,
First and Second Continental Congresses: In September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress. The delegates agreed to issue a Declaration of Rights, protesting Britain¡¯s actions. The Congress agreed to boycott certain goods and formed a force of minutemen- colonial soldiers who would be ready to resist a British attack at short notice. In May 1775, the second Continental Congress met as planned. Second Continental Congress found it harder to agree on a structure for a national gov.
Thomas Paine- Common Sense: Thomas Paine issued an extremely influential pamphlet called Common Sense. In this pamphlet, Paine comdemned the whole system of the monarchy and the rule of George III. Paine¡¯s argument was based on Enlightment thinking.
The Declaration of Independence- unalienable rights, major grievances, main ideas, influence of Enlightment: The Declaration announced the colonies¡¯ break with Great Britain. It expressed 3 main ideas: 1) men possessed certain ¡°inalienable rights¡± including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though the Declaration was a document about personal freedom, the colonial economy still depended upon the labor of enslaved Africans.
The American Revolution- causes and effects: American¡¯s victories gained them the supoort of several European nations. These allies would eventually help the colonists win the war. Colonists win major victories in the West and South, France and Spain become allies of the colonists. The Battle of Yorktown ensures American victory. In the Continental Army, they had strong military leardership, soldiers fighting for a cause they believed in, and even though they fought on home territory, their weaknesses was that they had small, untrained military, shortages of resources, and had weak central gov.
The Constitution- Chapter 2
The Articles of Confederation- weaknesses: The right to vote or to own property was not extended to the Americans.
In addition, women had few property rights and poor white men had more limited civil rights. Congress did not have executive branch. It was difficult to put it¡¯s policies into effect. The government did not have the power to impose or collect taxes, which made it very difficult to pay for the Revolution. Soldiers who had fought in the Revolution was unpaid. Because its central gov was so weak, the Confederation had trouble taking advantage of what the United States had won in the 1783 Treaty of
Paris.
Shays Rebellion- significance- what did it show about the federal gov?: Economic problems faced people in every state. Angry farmers, led by Daniel Shays, a former Continental Army captain, shut down debtor courts. The rebellion was crushed by Massachusetts militiamen, but it illustrated the weakness of the Articles.
Constitutional Convention 1787- Constitution as a bundle of compromises: The major issues at the Constitutional Convention centered on how to find a balance between large and small states and between northern and southern interests. There was also a battle between those who wanted a strong national government and those who wanted to protect states¡¯ rights.
Virginia and New Jersey Plans: This plan kept many features of the Confederation, although it gave Congress additional powers. This plan suggested a one-house legislature with equal representation for each state. Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a completely new form of government. There would be 3 different branches : an executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch.
Powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches- separation of powers, checks and balances: Instead of people directly electing the president, the state legislatures would select electors, who would then choose a president. These last-minute changes were important in setting up checks and balances among the 3 branches of gov. The legislative branch makes the laws, the executive branch carries out those laws, and the judicial branch interprets the laws as they relate to the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution- know the main topic of each article:
Article 1: the legislative branch
Article 2: the executive branch
Article 3: the judicial branch
Article 4: relations among the states
Article 5: process for amending the Constitution
Article 6: supremacy of the national government
Article 7: process for ratifying the Constitution
Federalists and Anti-Federalists- What did the Anti-Federalists fear? What did they seek? :
Federalists desire strong national govt. and are with the Constitution. They didn¡¯t want anymore Shay¡¯s Rebellion
Aniti-federalists were opposed/against the Constitution and wanted changes. These two groups battled over ratification which is the official approval of the Constitution.
The Bill of Rights- Why was it included? Know the BASICS of the first 10 amendments?: Before agreeing to ratify the Constitution, most Antifederalists first wanted a Bill of Rights. They wanted to see basic rights added to the document to be sure that individual liberties would be protected.
1) freedom form established of religion, freedom of religion, speech, press, association, gather peacefully, petition the govt.
2) right to bear arms to have a well prepared militia
3) No quartering of troops during peacetime
4) No unreasonable searches and seizures of homes/ belongings without probable cause and search warrant
5) Right to grad jury, do not have to testify against oneself, no double jeopardy, govt. most fairly compensate if property taken for public use
6) Right to speedy and public trial by impartial jury, must be told of crime accused of
7) Right to trial by jury in civil cases
8) No excessive bail or mines, no cruel and unusual punishment
9) The people retain other rights not specifically stated
10) The people retain all rights not given to state govt.¡¯s or the U.S. govt.
Civil war and Reconstruction
Role of Manifest Destiny- how would this cause conflict between the regions of the US?:
To Americans, westward expansion seemed inevitable. In fact, some people believed that it was America¡¯s God-given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean. This belief is called the Manifest Destiny. Americans are always expansionist
Mexican- American War- Compromise of 1850: US superiority captured Mexico City 1848. US troops to CA to drive out Mexicans. Immediately after annexation, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. James K. Polk became U.S. President in March 1845. Polk was supporter of annexation. He wanted the United States to acquire the land between Texas and the Pacific Ocean. These territories belonged to Mexico.
Fundamental Causes- sectionalism, states rights: sectionalism is the belief that one¡¯s own section, or region, of the country is more important than the whole. Those who favored giving more power to the states invoked the concept of states¡¯ rights, based on the 10th amendment. In the early 1800s northern states and southern states clashed over tariffs on foreign goods. Northerners liked tariffs on foreign goods. Northerners liked tariffs because they made northern goods more competitive. But southerners resented having to pay more for manufactured goods.
Political and Social Causes- Missouri Compormise, Compriomise of 1850 (fugitive slave act), Uncle Tom¡¯s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act (popular sovereignty), Dred Scott, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, John Brown:
Purpose of the American colonies in eyes of Europeans- Mercantilism: mercantilism is guided by economic principles. Governments held that a nation¡¯s power was directly related to it¡¯s wealth. But colonial merchants wanted to make money for themselves, not for Great Britain.
Purpose of the American colonies in eyes of Europeans- mercantilism: Great Britain and its American colonies struggled to balance conflicting interests. Guided by economic principles the government held that nations¡¯ power was directly related to its wealth.
Spanish, French, Dutch Colonization- extent, motives, relations with natives, decline: Spanish- motives were land, trade, missionary which is power and wealth. Encomienda system was established in which nobility gets land with rights to use Indians as slave labor. Spanish decline was the destruction of Armada in 1588 and the colonies were gone by 1800¡¯s. French- it¡¯s motives were land and trade. Extent was St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, Canada, and …show more content…
Mississsippi River to New Orleans. Their main interest was the fur trade. It¡¯s decline was the French and Indian War and France was out of America. Dutch- it¡¯s motives were land and trade. IT¡¯s extent was New Ntherlands. It¡¯s relations with the Native American was copperation. Their decline was to threat to English profits which made the Dutch expel in 1664
English Colonization- motives- religious, political, economic power: After the defeat of Spanish Armada, English began to set up colonies in North America. They came for many reasons. Economic problems made them eager for new opportunities. In the lower classes, farmworkers and farmers were not making much money. Jamestown was the first English colony that survived, although it encountered many hardships along the way. Many settlers died from malaria or dysentery from contaminated water. Settlers spent more time looking for gold than food.
The Colonies- New England, Middle and Southern- economics, social and political: North- colonists in the north found that crops did not grow well in rocky, forested New England. So they practiced ¡°subsistence farming¡± which meant growing just enough food for one family. Good harbors, inexpensive ships, and a tradition of seafaring also encouraged the development of commerce in the northern colonies. They were part of the triangular trade which consisted of the trade routes that linked North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Great Britain. In Southern colonies, their economies were based on agrarianism, which means that they had many small farms and some large plantations. They produced valuable cash crops. They relied on plantation system and its valuable crops. Middle colonies: they had better land and a milder climate, so farmers had more success in that region.
Indentured Servants: agreed to work as servants for a certain # of years, in return for food, and a paid trip to America Salutary Neglect- self-gov: when British officials were involved in colonial policy, they did not rule strictly. It was named Salutary Neglect which the colonies benefited by being left alone.
Role and influence of the enlightment ideas on colonist- natural law, ability to reason: the ideas of the Enlightment began in the educated upper classes of Europe but soon was spread through Europ[ean continent. Through the Enlightment, the gov. protected the citizen¡¯s ¡°natural rights¡±. These rights were life, liberty, and property.
Enlightment Philosophers and influence on colonists-Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau: John Locke wrote ¡°Two Treatises of Gov.¡± He said that it was gov¡¯s duty to to protect the citizens¡¯ ¡°natural rights¡± He also said that in a civil society, people Had a social contract with the gov. This contract said if the gov. didn¡¯t protect citizens and their rights, then they were justified in changing their gov. Another philosopher Baron de Montesquieu suggested that the powers of gov. should be divided and that it will guarantee liverty by keeping any person or group from gaining too much power. Volataire urged religious freedom and was bitter against Catholic Church. He believed that its insistence upon authority barred human progress. Rousseau emphasized the idea that the General Will- the rule of the majority- is supreme and that it was unlimited power. His idea was used by dictatorships to justify totalitarian rule.
Slavery in the colonies: Enslaved African Americans made up a large population in several southerin states. Southern states at first wanted to count all slaves for representation but none for taxation. The three-fifth compromise, delegates agreed that all whites plus three-fifth of the slave population would be counted for both representation and taxation.
The Great Awakening- what was it and how did it change the social and political order of the day: The Great Awakening made religion accessible to the people, and church membership grew. As with the Enlightment¡¯s emphasis on the individual, this was important as the colonies began to redefine their relationship with Great Britain.
The French and Indian War- Impact of the war on the colonists- How did British rule change? France joined with some Indian nations to attack England. Spain and its American colonies were also involved. The British built forts and alliances of their own. The power struggle between two nations and their allies created constant battles along the frontier. Spain and Great Britain also had clashed over territory in North America. Things changed when William Pitt took control of the war. This allowed the British to recapture some forts from the French, but the Americans disliked the new idea. Impact of the French and Indian War include colonial unity, new boundaries, war debt, and effects on Native Americans
Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Townshend Duties, Coercive Acts(Intolerable Acts): Sugar Act, it taxed sugar from the French and Spanish West Indies. This means colonists would have to buy sugar from the British West Indies. It was also the act that was called ¡°taxation without representation¡± because the colonies had no representative in Parliament. Stamp Act, required colonists to pay for an official gov stamp on certain paper items. This was the first time Parliament had taxed the colonists directly and Americans protested the stamp tax. Quartering Act said that the colonists must provide food, drink, fuel, living space, and transportation for British soldiers stationed in America. Townshend Duties, they taxed certain goods that were imported from England. It gave customs officers the right to search anyone¡¯s house for smuggled goods without a search warrant. Intolerable Act, British officials enacted four laws to punish Massachusetts and to set an example for other colonies. This was so harsh that it was called the Intolerable Acts.
No taxation without representation : refer back to the Sugar Act,
First and Second Continental Congresses: In September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress. The delegates agreed to issue a Declaration of Rights, protesting Britain¡¯s actions. The Congress agreed to boycott certain goods and formed a force of minutemen- colonial soldiers who would be ready to resist a British attack at short notice. In May 1775, the second Continental Congress met as planned. Second Continental Congress found it harder to agree on a structure for a national gov.
Thomas Paine- Common Sense: Thomas Paine issued an extremely influential pamphlet called Common Sense. In this pamphlet, Paine comdemned the whole system of the monarchy and the rule of George III. Paine¡¯s argument was based on Enlightment thinking.
The Declaration of Independence- unalienable rights, major grievances, main ideas, influence of Enlightment: The Declaration announced the colonies¡¯ break with Great Britain. It expressed 3 main ideas: 1) men possessed certain ¡°inalienable rights¡± including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though the Declaration was a document about personal freedom, the colonial economy still depended upon the labor of enslaved Africans.
The American Revolution- causes and effects: American¡¯s victories gained them the supoort of several European nations. These allies would eventually help the colonists win the war. Colonists win major victories in the West and South, France and Spain become allies of the colonists. The Battle of Yorktown ensures American victory. In the Continental Army, they had strong military leardership, soldiers fighting for a cause they believed in, and even though they fought on home territory, their weaknesses was that they had small, untrained military, shortages of resources, and had weak central gov.
The Constitution- Chapter 2
The Articles of Confederation- weaknesses: The right to vote or to own property was not extended to the Americans.
In addition, women had few property rights and poor white men had more limited civil rights. Congress did not have executive branch. It was difficult to put it¡¯s policies into effect. The government did not have the power to impose or collect taxes, which made it very difficult to pay for the Revolution. Soldiers who had fought in the Revolution was unpaid. Because its central gov was so weak, the Confederation had trouble taking advantage of what the United States had won in the 1783 Treaty of
Paris.
Shays Rebellion- significance- what did it show about the federal gov?: Economic problems faced people in every state. Angry farmers, led by Daniel Shays, a former Continental Army captain, shut down debtor courts. The rebellion was crushed by Massachusetts militiamen, but it illustrated the weakness of the Articles.
Constitutional Convention 1787- Constitution as a bundle of compromises: The major issues at the Constitutional Convention centered on how to find a balance between large and small states and between northern and southern interests. There was also a battle between those who wanted a strong national government and those who wanted to protect states¡¯ rights.
Virginia and New Jersey Plans: This plan kept many features of the Confederation, although it gave Congress additional powers. This plan suggested a one-house legislature with equal representation for each state. Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a completely new form of government. There would be 3 different branches : an executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch.
Powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches- separation of powers, checks and balances: Instead of people directly electing the president, the state legislatures would select electors, who would then choose a president. These last-minute changes were important in setting up checks and balances among the 3 branches of gov. The legislative branch makes the laws, the executive branch carries out those laws, and the judicial branch interprets the laws as they relate to the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution- know the main topic of each article:
Article 1: the legislative branch
Article 2: the executive branch
Article 3: the judicial branch
Article 4: relations among the states
Article 5: process for amending the Constitution
Article 6: supremacy of the national government
Article 7: process for ratifying the Constitution
Federalists and Anti-Federalists- What did the Anti-Federalists fear? What did they seek? :
Federalists desire strong national govt. and are with the Constitution. They didn¡¯t want anymore Shay¡¯s Rebellion
Aniti-federalists were opposed/against the Constitution and wanted changes. These two groups battled over ratification which is the official approval of the Constitution.
The Bill of Rights- Why was it included? Know the BASICS of the first 10 amendments?: Before agreeing to ratify the Constitution, most Antifederalists first wanted a Bill of Rights. They wanted to see basic rights added to the document to be sure that individual liberties would be protected.
1) freedom form established of religion, freedom of religion, speech, press, association, gather peacefully, petition the govt.
2) right to bear arms to have a well prepared militia
3) No quartering of troops during peacetime
4) No unreasonable searches and seizures of homes/ belongings without probable cause and search warrant
5) Right to grad jury, do not have to testify against oneself, no double jeopardy, govt. most fairly compensate if property taken for public use
6) Right to speedy and public trial by impartial jury, must be told of crime accused of
7) Right to trial by jury in civil cases
8) No excessive bail or mines, no cruel and unusual punishment
9) The people retain other rights not specifically stated
10) The people retain all rights not given to state govt.¡¯s or the U.S. govt.
Civil war and Reconstruction
Role of Manifest Destiny- how would this cause conflict between the regions of the US?:
To Americans, westward expansion seemed inevitable. In fact, some people believed that it was America¡¯s God-given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean. This belief is called the Manifest Destiny. Americans are always expansionist
Mexican- American War- Compromise of 1850: US superiority captured Mexico City 1848. US troops to CA to drive out Mexicans. Immediately after annexation, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. James K. Polk became U.S. President in March 1845. Polk was supporter of annexation. He wanted the United States to acquire the land between Texas and the Pacific Ocean. These territories belonged to Mexico.
Fundamental Causes- sectionalism, states rights: sectionalism is the belief that one¡¯s own section, or region, of the country is more important than the whole. Those who favored giving more power to the states invoked the concept of states¡¯ rights, based on the 10th amendment. In the early 1800s northern states and southern states clashed over tariffs on foreign goods. Northerners liked tariffs on foreign goods. Northerners liked tariffs because they made northern goods more competitive. But southerners resented having to pay more for manufactured goods.
Political and Social Causes- Missouri Compormise, Compriomise of 1850 (fugitive slave act), Uncle Tom¡¯s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act (popular sovereignty), Dred Scott, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, John Brown: