Comparing Marx And Communism
----------------------- - After 1870, government functions expanded to include public education and national systems of welfare - As government responsibilities were enlarged, new taxes were imposed to pay for the additional programs. - Western Governments introduced civil service exam to test applicants on the basis of talent rather than on connections on birth alone. - Growing bureauary and improved recruitment, governments began to extend their regulatory apparatus, inspecting factory safety, then health of prostitutes, hospital conditions, and the introduction of passports and border control. - The chief political issues surrounded what was referred to as the "social question." - With the emergence of the social question, socialism and feminism became newly powerful political movements
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- Karl Marx promoted a more aggressive form of socialism after 1848. he blasted earlier theorists as giddy utopians. - Marx saw socialism as the final phase of an inexorable march of history, which could be studied dispassionately and scientifically.
- History for Marx was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means, an obvious reflection of the looming role of technology in the industrial world forming at that time. - Marx's system was predicated on the inevitability of class conflict. He believed that modern political systems would be shaped by the resolution of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - People would benefit justly and equally from their work, and the state would wither away; the historic class struggle would at last end because classes would be eliminated. - Marxist theory provided a context in which working-class movements could confront post-1870 governments. - It clearly identified capitalist evil. It told workers their low wages were exploitive and unjust. It urged the need for violent action but also ensured that revolution was part of the inexorable tides of history The result would be heaven on earth- ultimately, an enlightenment-like vision of
progress - By 1860s when working class activity began to revive, Marxist doctrine provided encouragement and structure. Marx himself continued to concentrate on ideological development and purity, but leaders in many countries translated his doctrine into practical political parties. - Socialism spread rapidly among the grass roots, particularly in Germany. Socialist parties developed as strong political alternatives in France and Austria - Socialism proved less successful initially in Britain and the United States - Some socialists, called revisionists, abandoned Marx's revolutionary scheme in favor of more gradual reform and began to participate actively in electoral strategies. Revisionism.- argued that Marx revolution theory was wrong and that success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means. Many socialist leaders denounced revisionism but put their energies into building electoral victories rather than plotting violent revolution - By 1900, women also demanded more political rights through feminist movements. - Feminism won support particularly from middle class women who argued that the very moral superiority granted to women in the home should be translated into political voice. - Emmeline Pankhurst was typical of the more radical feminist leadership in both background and tactics. Improvements in women’s property rights, and Socialist Fabian Society. Formed suffrage organization in 1903 to seek the vote for women.
- Karl Marx promoted a more aggressive form of socialism after 1848. he blasted earlier theorists as giddy utopians. - Marx saw socialism as the final phase of an inexorable march of history, which could be studied dispassionately and scientifically.
- History for Marx was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means, an obvious reflection of the looming role of technology in the industrial world forming at that time. - Marx's system was predicated on the inevitability of class conflict. He believed that modern political systems would be shaped by the resolution of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - People would benefit justly and equally from their work, and the state would wither away; the historic class struggle would at last end because classes would be eliminated. - Marxist theory provided a context in which working-class movements could confront post-1870 governments. - It clearly identified capitalist evil. It told workers their low wages were exploitive and unjust. It urged the need for violent action but also ensured that revolution was part of the inexorable tides of history The result would be heaven on earth- ultimately, an enlightenment-like vision of
progress - By 1860s when working class activity began to revive, Marxist doctrine provided encouragement and structure. Marx himself continued to concentrate on ideological development and purity, but leaders in many countries translated his doctrine into practical political parties. - Socialism spread rapidly among the grass roots, particularly in Germany. Socialist parties developed as strong political alternatives in France and Austria - Socialism proved less successful initially in Britain and the United States - Some socialists, called revisionists, abandoned Marx's revolutionary scheme in favor of more gradual reform and began to participate actively in electoral strategies. Revisionism.- argued that Marx revolution theory was wrong and that success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means. Many socialist leaders denounced revisionism but put their energies into building electoral victories rather than plotting violent revolution - By 1900, women also demanded more political rights through feminist movements. - Feminism won support particularly from middle class women who argued that the very moral superiority granted to women in the home should be translated into political voice. - Emmeline Pankhurst was typical of the more radical feminist leadership in both background and tactics. Improvements in women’s property rights, and Socialist Fabian Society. Formed suffrage organization in 1903 to seek the vote for women.