Contoh Oral Present

STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF EPIFAUNA AT SUNGAI KILIM MANGROVES

MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ROSLANI 2007279738 SUPERVISOR: PROF MADYA NORSILA BT DAIM

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Introduction To Mangrove
 Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in

saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.  Mainly between latitudes 25°N and 25°S  Mangroves include approximately 16 families and 40 to 50 species.  Mangrove ecosystems are diverse habitat with remarkable variety of flora and fauna adapted to the harsh environmental conditions of highly saline, frequently inundated and soft bottomed anaerobic mud.

Problem Statement
 Mangroves is the important ecosystems to the

earth and for some organisms.  Threats to mangrove:
- Reclamation of mangrove areas for various

developments (such as wharves, piers, airports, housing projects, etc.) - Pollution - Overexploitation / utilization

 Due to the destruction and disturbance at

mangroves ecosystem that created by human activities, then it will effect the distribution and also the number of the epifauna in one habitat.

Significance Of Study
 there is less study focusing on mangrove fauna

compared to the mangrove flora (Macintosh, 1988).  The importance of the mangroves itself such as ecological and economic benefits.  Mangroves is the habitat for many organisms such as sponges, epifauna, meiofauna, macrofauna, prawns, insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and etc.  Epifauna itself plays their important roles at the mangrove ecosystem.

Objectives Of The Study
 To determine the species diversity and

abundance of epifauna at Sungai Kilim
 To determine the effects of different zonation

on the distribution and the diversity of the epifauna at Sungai Kilim mangrove ecosystem

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Distribution Of Mangrove In Asia
 Asia has 25 countries with mangroves under a wide

range of climatic conditions.  Largest areas of mangrove in

References: FAO. 2007. A thematic study prepared in the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment y2005 – progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 153. Rome. Feller, I.C. & Sitnik, M. (2002). Mangrove Ecology : A Manual for Field Course. Field Manual Focused on the Biocomplexity on Mangrove Ecosystem. Smithsonian Institution 1996. Gerald, J.B. (2007). Quantitative Analysis of Marine Biological Communities. Field Biology and Environment. Wiley Interscience. 435pp. Giesen, W., Wulffrat, S., Zieren, M., & Scholten, L., (2007). Mangrove Guidebook For Southeast Asia. RAP Publication 2006/2007. Macintosh, D.J. (1984) - Ecology and productivity of Malaysian mangrove crab populations (Decapoda: Brachyura). Proc. As. Symp. Mangr. Env. Res. & Management, 1984. Macintosh, D.J. and Ashton, E.C. (2002) Review of Mangrove Biodiversity Conservation and Management. Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Ong, J.E. (1995). The ecology of mangrove conservation and management. Hydrobiologia Tang, Y.J., Yu, S.X. & Wu, Y.Y. (2007). A Comparison of Macrofauna Communities in Mangrove Assembleges. Field Zoological Research. Tomlinson, P.B. (1986). The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Work Of Schedule Activities/Months Title submission Proposal preparation Submission of first draft Proposal presentation Proposal submission Sampling Laboratory works Jul-09 Aug 09 Sept-09 Oct 09 Nov-09 Dec 09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 Data analysis Draft writing Submission final draft Evaluation of final report Thesis submission THANK YOU