Cultural Values In Homer's Odyssey

Homer’s Odyssey clearly illustrates the characteristics of epic literature and cultural values in ancient Greece, especially nostos, the protagonist’s long journey home by sea. Throughout the epic, Homer utilizes the writing strategy of conflict. This develops the central idea that the journey of the hero teaches him valuable lessons and ultimately transforms him. The use of conflict between Odysseus and monsters, as well as human enemies, demonstrates that he learns to control his hubris by the conclusion of the epic.
During one of Odysseus’ first conflicts, he taunts the monster he has defeated and thus is cursed to have a miserable journey home. After blinding the Cyclops Polyphemus, Odysseus’ escape is imminent. However, in lines 478 to 481, he states,
Upon returning to Ithaca, the Trojan War veteran, disguised as a beggar, discovers suitors overrunning his home and competing for his wife. One suitor, Antinous, mocks his lowly appearance and throws a stool at the seemingly harmless vagabond. Lines 1231 to 1234 state, “Odysseus only shook his head, containing thoughts of bloody work, as he walked on, then sat, and dropped his loaded bag again upon the door sill.” The transformed epic hero, in direct contrast of his earlier actions against Polyphemus, does not reveal his identity. The effect of this is the suitors’ underestimating of the beggar’s strength, which later works to his advantage when he defeats the insolent men. If Odysseus had revealed his true identity, the suitors would have most likely worked against him; however, Odysseus’ inaction when ridiculed allows him to trick the suitors so that they are trapped and without weapons. Therefore, Homer’s use of conflict between Odysseus and Polyphemus, as well as the former and Antinous, develops the central idea of the Odyssey; the hero’s journey provides valuable lessons and ultimately transforms