The Reformation of the 16th century had divided the rest of Europe broadly into Catholic and Protestant. By breaking the moral, intellectual and political grip of the Roman Catholic Church, the Reformation made possible new forms of government and gave people a choice of religion. In England, the costs of having a choice included civil war between…
Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition Chapter 15 Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450–1750 Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s The Globalization of Christianity A. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation 1. Martin Luther: German priest who combined widespread criticism of Roman Catholic hierarchy and corruption with a theological message that faith—not works, acts, or rituals—was the path to salvation.…
2002B (#2): To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century?…
In 1517, a single friar collapsed thousands of years of religious unity, undermining the power of the Roman Catholic Church, an institution that held religious authority over the majority of the Western world. Martin Luther, the son of a miner, published a document titled The Ninety-Five Theses that challenged the selling of indulgences as a general pardon and exemption from purgatory. How is it possible that one publication by a lowly German monk could destabilize the authority of the most powerful institution in Europe? Luther was not alone in his dissatisfaction with the Church and…
The upheavals of the Catholic and Protestant reformations sparked wars of religion in Europe until the mid-1600s. At that time, issues of religion began to give way to issues of national power. Catholic and Protestant rulers often made decisions based on political interests rather than for purely religious reasons. Long term causes include: the Roman Catholic Church becoming more worldly, humanists urging a return to simple religion, and strong national monarchs emerging. Immediate causes include: Johann Tetzel sells indulgences in Wittenberg, Martin Luther posts 95 Theses, Luther translates the Bible into German, printing press allows spread of…
The Counter Reformation arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter Reformation started in the 1540s as a reaction to Protestantism and progressed simultaneously with the Catholic Reformation. These two reformations were aimed at reforming the Catholic Church. Conservative forces whose aim was both to reform the church and to secure its traditions led the Counter Reformation. Moreover, the Counter Reformation lasted several years with several key phases. The success that lied within this reformation made the Catholic Church legitimate once again.…
The European Wars of Religion, although in some aspects differed, had many similarities. They all displayed similarities in conclusion and compromise, the spread of Protestantism, initial reaction followed by change, and residual issues. In conclusion the similarities shared between these great wars proved the importance of religious…
Martin Luther: You two are so undeniably vacuous. You two are responsible for the political effects this Reformation had. There is this unholy alliance the Church has with the Government. The Church used the Government to put itself above civil matters, and the Government used Church morals to make the people dedicate themselves because they have civil…
The Protestant Reformation was a religious and social movement that spread far across Europe among many groups of people. Particularly, several events throughout the 16th and 17th centuries furthered the reformation of closely-knit religion and society, with many people drifting away from a Catholic monastic lifestyle and absolute obedience to papal authorities. Instead, these people valued faith and freedom from religious beliefs and institutions that seemed foreign to Christian faith. Many protestants were of lower social classes, in favor of freeing themselves from the higher institutions controlling them and hopeful with the possibility of eventual social mobility. Protestant ideas in favor of the lower classes led to an uprising of peasants…
The Protestant Reformation was time a time of tremendous change for Europe and the Christian Church. The reformation is said to have begun in 1517 when Martin Luther challenged the authority of the pope (Perry 324). He did this by creating the ninety-five these, which was a series of arguments against papal authority and their corruptness. Various people had tried to reform the church previously, but the real protestant movement did not begin until the time of Martin Luther. Following the ideas of Luther, the Christian church split for good which had a great effect on all of Europe that is still seen to this day.…
The Reformation was a large, unique movement away from the Catholic Church in 16th and 17th century Europe. Starting with Martin Luther being the first to officially oppose the theology of the Catholic Church, he posted his work, 95 Theses, to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church. This act allowed for multiple movements away from the Catholic Church, consequently creating multiple new religions, some of which remain today. Some movements began with the sole idea of rectifying the Christian religion, while others were seen as an opportunity for gain of power or in umbrage of a political adversary. Due to the unmitigated diversity of each distinct reforming sect, the Reformation as a whole is to be considered as both a religious…
The Baroque period is the first to be among the musical pieces that people today are generally familiar with.…
Certain practices of the Catholic religion were questioned during the Reformation. The beliefs of many men created a new religion called Protestantism. During this time in history many historical events were happening that caused this reformation. Persecutions against aspects of the Catholic faith were evolved into Protestantism. Protestantism is still a large religion today throughout many parts of the world. There are many differences between Catholicism and Protestantism. Besides affecting the religions, this reformation also changed parts of the European culture. There were many things that caused the split of the Catholic faith. The movement quickly gained adherents in the German states, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland and portions of France. Support came from religious reformers, while others manipulated the movement to gain control of valuable church property. New religions outside of Protestantism were also formed during this reformation. These religions include Zwingli, Calvinism, and the Church of England. The selling of indulgences and selling and buying of clerical offices was a major thing that upset many people.…
While continuously more Christians of Europe were beginning to lose their faith in the church’s leadership and were developing a feeling of doubt or mistrust, it was the Reformation and Martin Luther who came in and gave the people a sense of direction and feeling of hope. This new Protestant tradition at the time lifted this overwhelming cloud of misused power over the Christian community and provided a time for change with new opportunities. The Protestant reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and the church and furthermore started a new era in the history of western…
Throughout the history of Europe, people’s lives revolved around the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church taught its beliefs through the clergy and exercised its authority. In 1517, corruption, false teachings, and the challenging of Martin Luther led to a split that created the Protestant Church. During the Reformation, the Protestant belief in “sola scriptura” and “sola fides” was a major source of conflict with the Catholic teachings of a Church authority and salvation through good works.…