Death Penalty

Running head: THE DEATH PENALTY

The Death Penalty

Abstract

Capital punishment has been a topic of debate in America for many years. 38 states in America currently support the Death Penalty, including the U.S. Government and the United States Military. Capital Punishment is older than the U.S. Constitution and our nation has always managed to justify the rationale of execution. According to Clemson University Professor, Joanna Shepherd, "When properly administered, the death penalty saves innocent lives, making it a worthy punishment." The chief intention of capital punishment is to deter crimes of all kinds, principally murder. Ultimately, most states compensate the costs of death penalty cases with numerous cutbacks and layoffs, which in turn come from the prison systems. Several states strictly believe that the death penalty is a tool of deterrence but countless studies show dissimilar data (Death Penalty Information Center [DPIC], 2004). The Death Penalty
Capital punishment has been a topic of debate in America since the 17th century. There are many different forms used in Capital Punishment from hanging, shooting, gassing, electrocution, and lethal injection. 38 states in America currently support the Death Penalty, including the U.S. Government and the U.S. Military. Although, many abiding citizens are opposed to capital punishment and there are many reasons for them to feel this way. However, there are also several supporting reasons for 38 American states to deem capital punishment as very effective. Some of the pros involved in the debate are justice, closure for the victims ' families, deterrence, and punishment that is equal to the crime committed. In opposition, some of the cons are cost, humanity, morality, religion, and unnecessary pain for the family of the executed prisoner (DPIC, 2004).
One of the most referenced words in our Constitution and American currency is Justice. Capital punishment is much older than the Constitution and the populace of the U.S. has consistently justified the death penalty. According to most beliefs, execution is a punishment carried out to provide justice to families of the victim or victims. However, some feel that it is nothing more that inhumane revenge carried out for immoral entertainment. Most of the nation believes that murder is a crime punishable only by an equally dealt penalty (DPIC, 2004). According to a 2003 study by Clemson University Professor, Joanna Shepherd, "When properly administered, the death penalty saves innocent lives, making it a worthy punishment."
There have been over 15,000 documented executions in America since 1608. They include men, women, mentally disabled, and natives of several diverse ethnic backgrounds. One of the most startling facts discovered is that between the years 1998 and 2003, of the 518 killers executed in the U.S., the murdered victims totaled 1,111. This is an average of 2.14 victims per killer. The chief intention of capital punishment is to deter crimes of all kinds, principally murder. "We execute murderers in order to make a communal proclamation; that murder is intolerable," writes David Gelernter, a Yale professor who was wounded when he opened a package mailed by "the Unabomber" (Gelernter, 2003). "A deliberate murderer embodies evil so terrible that it defiles the community. Whether or not Mario Cuomo personally would want his killer killed is beside the point. It is for the good of society that assassins ought to die; that we may declare, to ourselves and to the world that the crime of stealing life is worse than any other crime and deserves a penalty worse than any other penalty (Gelernter, 2003)." The 12 states that are against capital punishment believe that it is best to send murderers to prison to live out the remainder of their lives, at the taxpayers ' expense (DPIC, 2004).
Housing and carrying out an execution on an inmate on Death Row is very expensive for taxpayers. The economical weighing of cost and benefit has been a debatable subject as well. Considering the cost of housing a death penalty inmate for an average of 10 years, the wasteful repeated appeals, and finally the carrying out the sentence of death can cost the taxpayers a great deal of money that could be used schools and roads. "In the state of Texas alone, a death penalty case can cost an estimated $2.3 million, yet this State still maintains one of the highest murder rates in the country (Kudelka, 1994)." However, when a jury sentences one to life in prison and the average lifespan of a capital case prisoner in prison is 40 years; the total cost is two-thirds less than a capital punishment case. Ultimately, most states compensate the costs of death penalty cases with numerous cutbacks and layoffs, ironically, some in the prison systems. Additionally, the release of low-risk prisoners to alleviate the high costs of capital punishment in order to relieve spending on capital punishment is completely nonsensical (Dallas Morning News [DMN], 1992).
Several states strictly believe that the death penalty is a tool of deterrence but countless studies show dissimilar data. For example, as mentioned earlier, "the State of Texas has already executed four prisoners in 2005 and they still obtain a rate of seven murders per 100,000 people, which puts them in the top 10-murder rate category in the country (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2005)." The same goes for capital punishment States like Iowa, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and West Virginia, which have higher murder rates than their neighboring non-capital punishment States like Missouri, Connecticut, Illinois, and Virginia. Other countries have also been conducting some alarming studies, which in turn might be the reason for 111 foreign countries to abolish capital punishment in 2002 (Gelenter, 2003). The most recent survey of research findings on the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates, conducted for the United Nations in 1988 and updated in 2002, concluded that "it is not prudent to accept the hypothesis that capital punishment deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and application of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment"(Amnesty International [AI], 2004).
Some problems with capital punishment have caused disagreement between society and the government as well. Some States have executed prisoners that have shown signs of being mentally disabled. In addition, death penalty cases cause undeserved pain and suffering to the families of the executed prisoner. For example, most mothers endure severe depression by losing a son or daughter to execution. Even if they have grown up to be a cold-blooded killer, generations of culture have taught us to love our children unconditionally. The mother and family of the executed prisoner must suffer undeserved pain by witnessing society putting their son or daughter to death. Furthermore, a jury must be burdened with the decision upon a penalty of death and studies have shown that building on a verdict to sentence a human-being to death may cause relentless psychological trauma consistent with post-traumatic stress and depression resulting in years of therapy to overcome the damage inflicted (Cusack, 2004).
Religion and moral belief has played a large part in attempting to abolish the death penalty with little effect. The late Pope John Paul II managed to influence one clemency in Missouri in 1999. During one of his visits to the U.S., the Pope learned that Darrell Mease was embarrassingly scheduled to be executed on the same day of his visit to St. Louis. Later that day, during a mass held for the Papal, John Paul II raised his hands in the air and pleaded, "Governor, will you please have mercy on Mr. Mease?" (Elliott, 2005).Without question of guilt or mental state; the Governor Mel Carnahan granted Darrell Mease clemency. Ironically, Darrell Mease was a Pentecostal which carried deeply-rooted anti-catholic prejudices and the Pope was the last person Mease wanted to save him (DPIC, 2004).
There is also a genuinely mortal fear of the possibility of sentencing the wrong person to death, which in turn means that the real killer is still free. According to the DPIC, there is no record that any State has ever executed a prisoner in error or with any raised doubts in question. Countless citizens believe in the adage, an eye for an eye but some argue that capital punishment is inhumane and a spiteful intention of revenge or way out of the cost of sustaining an inmate in prison (DPIC, 2004).
There are many possible outcomes of capital punishment, and abolishment may not be anytime in the near future, as many may wish to witness. If society could draw closer to an agreement on the matter of capital punishment, it is hard to foresee which side would outweigh the other. The two sides of the capital punishment controversy carry a great deal of credence and there is a possibility that there may never be a solution to lowering the murder rate in this country. If America 's diverse society of moral belief, religious influence, and political power has not come to a solution in the last four-hundred years then it may never happen (DPIC, 2004).
Many laws exist that help govern capital punishment and it is still an issue further influenced by politics than by the citizens of the State. Some people have petitioned to televise executions on pay-per-view channels late at night to minimize viewing by young children. This may provide a mixed mind-set or possibly a conversion of outlook as well but we will not know unless the Government agrees to televise an execution. People will ever be on familiar terms on whether capital punishment is right or wrong, unless perhaps, they have lost a loved one to a cold-hearted killer. However, some people have essentially declared in their living wills that if he or she is a victim of murder; subsequently, they do not wish to impose the death penalty on their killer or killers. This one solution could indirectly reduce capital punishment if it were to be a customary question in all wills (DPIC, 2004).
According to some, the death penalty should be decided upon through a vote conducted by the State in which the crime was committed by the registered voters of that State. Ultimately, this could put the burden of death in the hands of the people of the State. In the end, there will probably never be a conclusion to the debate and controversy surrounding capital punishment. The fact that crime rates all over the country are on the rise makes it a difficult law to abolish or encourage due to the differences of opinions, facts, and statistics (DPIC, 2004). References
Amnesty International (2004). Facts and figures on the death penalty. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.web.amnesty.org
Cusack, R. M. (2004). Evaluating the mental health hazards of jury duty in death penalty cases. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.iamlh.org
Dallas Morning News (1992, March 8). Television news report. , Retrieved January 28, 2006, www.dallasnews.com
Death Penalty Information Center (2004). The Federal Death Penalty. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.deathpenaltyinfo.org
Elliott, D. (2005). The Pope and Darrell Mease. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.deathpenaltyusa.blogspot.com
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004, 2005). FBI uniform crime statistics. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.fbi.gov/ucr
Gelernter, D. (2003, April). . Commentary, April 21. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.cs.yale.edu
Kudelka, B. (1994, May 1). The high cost of pursuing the death penalty. The Sun News, p. A1.

References: Amnesty International (2004). Facts and figures on the death penalty. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.web.amnesty.org Cusack, R. M. (2004). Evaluating the mental health hazards of jury duty in death penalty cases. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.iamlh.org Dallas Morning News (1992, March 8). Television news report. , Retrieved January 28, 2006, www.dallasnews.com Death Penalty Information Center (2004). The Federal Death Penalty. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.deathpenaltyinfo.org Elliott, D. (2005). The Pope and Darrell Mease. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.deathpenaltyusa.blogspot.com Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004, 2005). FBI uniform crime statistics. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.fbi.gov/ucr Gelernter, D. (2003, April). . Commentary, April 21. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from www.cs.yale.edu Kudelka, B. (1994, May 1). The high cost of pursuing the death penalty. The Sun News, p. A1.