Development Norms Of Children Essay
Development Norms of Children and Young People from Birth to 19 Years Age | Physical development | Birth to 6months | * Develops own feeding and sleeping patterns * Grows rapidly * Gains early control of eye movement * Develops motor controls in orderly sequence, balances head, rolls over, pulls self to sitting position, and sits unaided | 6months to 1 year | * From 8 months begins to crawl * From 9 months begin to walk * Puts everything in their mouth * Begins teething | 1 to 2 years | * Begins to walk, climb on furniture * Enjoys to push and pull things * Begins to feed themselves with a spoon and can hold a cup * Begins to take off simple clothing, ie socks coat * Likes to put things in and take things out of cupboards, boxes etc. | 2 to 3 years | * Runs, kicks, climbs, throws a ball, and jumps * Eats easily
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with a spoon * Helps to dress self * Is more able to manipulate small objects with hands, likes to scribble | 3 to 4 years | * Begins to climb ladders, can start to ride a tricycle * Is very active * Like to play with different textures, mud, sand, water * Can begin to put together simple puzzles * Can feed self with a spoon or fork * Takes care of own toilet needs independently during the day, may still need help at night | 4 to 5 years | * Is very active, can be physically aggressive * Muscles are developing rapidly | 5 to 6 years | * Increased appetite * Can dress and undress them self | 6 to 7 years | * Is full of energy and generally restless, tapping feet etc. * Has growth spurts * May become more fussy with food * Has awareness of different genders and is inquisitive * Commonly catches more bugs, colds etc due to close contact with others at school | 7 to 8 years | * Has well established hand-eye co-ordination and is more interested in drawing and painting * May develop nervous habits, such as nail biting * Has fewer illnesses but colds etc may last longer * Can be more accident prone as they explore and test abilities * May be more likely to sulk | 8 to 9 years | * General health improves as immune system is more developed * Good appetite, may be more willing to try new foods * May urinate them self due to anxiety * Very busy and active (on the go all the time) | 9 to 10 years | * Enjoys more complicated crafts * Interested in team games * Girls generally begin to develop faster than boys | 10 to 11 years | * Girls may have increased weight gain * Boys very active and rough in play | 11 to 12 years | * Become increasingly aware of their body and changes * Boys are ahead of girls in endurance and muscular development, may have increased appetite * May begin to show sign of self-consciousness when learning new skills | 12 to 15 years | * More concerned with appearance * May develop acne * Girls are gradually reaching physical and sexual maturity.
Boys are beginning to mature physically and sexually * Sudden and rapid increases in height, weight, and strength | 16 to 19 years | * Likely to act upon sexual desires * Has completed physical maturation |
Age | Communication and Intellectual development
| Birth to 6months | * Learns through senses * Vocalizes spontaneously | 6months to 1 year | * Likes to repeat the same behaviour * Likes to hear things being named, mummy, daddy, dog, car * May not speak until 1 year or later | 1 to 2 years | * Likes to explore, poke fingers in holes etc. * Can understand simple instructions * Can point to common objects, body parts * Enjoys simple songs and nursery rhymes * Uses one word sentences, bye, down, go,no | 2 to 3 years | * Begins to sing simple songs * Uses 3-4 word sentences * Has a short attention span | 3 to 4 years | * Uses imagination, likes to play in role play * Is curious and inquisitive | 4 to 5 years | * Has a large vocabulary * May have imaginary friends * Very curious, asks lots of questions, talks constantly * Nightmares are common | 5 to 6 years | * Has knowledge of colours and numbers * Can write own name and short words * Will follow instructions * May stutter if nervous * Begin to learn to read | 6 to 7 years | * More organised memories * Struggles to make choices | 7 to 8 years | * Attention span is greatly improved * Enjoys learning * Likes challenges * Enjoys collecting things and talking about personal hobbies and achievements * Can solve complex problems | 8 to 9 years | * Asks lots of questions, wants to know the reasons for things * Can over estimate own ability and feel like they are failing tasks | 9 to 10 years | * Likes to collect things, have developed own interests and hobbies * Increased curiosity, seeks to find out facts * Enjoys reading and writing and using books | 10 to 11 years | * Becomes interested in things, but for a short period of time * Shows signs of talent * May like or dislike to read * Can argue logically | 11 to 12 years | * May become more interested in the community and wish to take part in activities * Challenges adults knowledge * May start to be interested in earning money * May be critical of own work | 12 to 15 years | * Enjoys discussions and more argumentative * Feels a need to feel important in the world * Is able to plan for their own future | 16 to 19 years | * May show concerns about their future and like to have discussions about what to expect or options * May lack self assurance about personal skills |
Age | Social, emotional and behavioural development | Birth to 6months | * Can show excitement by waving arms, kicking legs * Cries in different ways to show when hungry, wet etc. * Fears unexpected noises * Copies movements gazes at faces * Enjoys being played with, held, tickled etc * Smiles at own reflection in mirror | 6months to 1 year | * Will talk using babbling sounds * Begins to imitate behaviours of others * Does not play nicely with other infants, will poke, push etc * Mother or mother figure is very important to them * Needs to feel safe and that someone is there to take care of them * Becomes distressed when mother figure leaves * Draws away from strangers | 1 to 2 years | * Starts to be demanding and more independent * Waves bye-bye * Can be possessive of belongings * Enjoys interaction with adults that they are familiar with * Still finds mother very important * Begins to learn trust needs to know that someone will take care of them * Sucks thumb, dummy * Has temper tantrums * Is generally happy * Can be frustrated at not being able to put their wishes into words, lack of understanding by others | 2 to 3 years | * Fears mother figure leaving * Says “NO!” frequently, testing their own powers * Begins to be more independent, wanting to do things for them self * Dislikes strangers * Imitates adult behaviours, washing up, cleaning, applying make-up | 3 to 4 years | * Is more comfortable leaving mother for short periods * Enjoys company, behaves better with groups * Is dependent on adult approval, anxious to please, and receive praise and love | 4 to 5 years | * Has good imagination, enjoys imitating adults * Needs to play with others, although can be selective about their playmates * Tests people boundaries * Confidence is growing in them self and with the world * Can start to have insecurities | 5 to 6 years | * Mother is centre of child’s world, and fears her leaving * Is interested where babies come from * Knows differences in sexes and is more modest * Plays with both genders, is calm and friendly, can play in a group or with one other child, although generally prefers to play with members of the same sex * Can develop nausea and vomiting if child doesn’t like school * When tired, nervous, or upset, may show comforting habits, such as nail biting, sucking of thumb etc. * Can be easily embarrassed | 6 to 7 years | * Child doesn’t like being kissed in public, especially boys * Can be seen as a tattletale, friendships can be unstable * Must be seen as the winner, will change rules to fit own needs, if not the winner often makes accusations that others are cheating, or not playing properly * Can develop problems at school if expectations are too high, such as lack of concentration, fooling around, distracting other children * Finds it difficult to accept blame, or punishment, will often blame other for own actions * Can feel insecure as a result of trying to be more independent | 7 to 8 years | * Likes to be given more responsibilities * May use aggression as a way to solve problems * Is concerned with others reactions, may fear being late * Begins division of genders, will only play/communicate with same sex |
8 to 9 years | * Demands love and understanding from mother * May tell ‘dirty jokes’ * Makes new friends easily, develops best friend generally of the same sex * Likes to keep secrets * May put up a fight/ resist when given instructions but will eventually give in * Likes to receive immediate rewards for good behaviour * Can be affectionate, helpful, cheerful outgoing and curious however can also be rude, selfish, bossy, demanding and silly and giggly | 9 to 10 years | * Can be very group/club oriented but always with the same sex * Boys tend to test and exercise a great deal of independence * Can have some behaviour issues, especially if not accepted by others * Is becoming very independent, dependable and trustworthy | 10 to 11 years | * Is very affectionate with parents * Is very selective in friendships, it is very important they are in the ‘IN’ crowd * Is concerned with appearance and style * Likes their own privacy * Main worries are school and peer relationships * Girls mature faster than boys | 11 to 12 years | * Is critical of adults and can be unbearable to live with * Wants to have more independence, often unreasonable amounts * Hates being told what to do, rebels against routines * Dramatizes and exaggerates when arguing “You’re the worst mother in the world!” |
12 to 15 years | * Boys generally resist any form of affection * Generally feels parents are too restrictive * Annoyed by younger siblings * Generally feels parents are ‘old fashioned’ * Friendships become less intense and are part of a group of friends * Girls begin to show more interest in the opposite sex * Has major worries about grades, apperence and popularity * Shows verbal anger towards a figure of authority | 16 to 19 years | * May feel that parents are ‘nosey’ * Relationships with parents can range from friendly and close to hostile * May have a single, romantic, relationship * May talk about marriage * Generally has many friends and few confidents * Is concerned about failure * May appear, to be moody, self-centred, stubborn and confused |
Age | Moral development | Birth to 6months | * | 6months to 1 year | * | 1 to 2 years | * Is sensitive to adult approval and disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger | 2 to 3 years | * Appears self-reliant and wants to be good, however is not yet mature enough to be able to keep promises | 3 to 4 years | * Begins to know right from wrong * Has better self control and becomes less aggressive * Can use extreme verbal threats without understanding the full implications such as “I’ll kill you” * Others opinions about child are very important | 4 to 5 years | * Understands right from wrong, generally has a desire to do right and may blame others for their own wrongdoing | 5 to 6 years | * May continue to blame others for their mistakes or wrongdoings as has an intense desire to please and do right | 6 to 7 years | * Is very concerned with personal behaviour | 7 to 8 years | * Shows signs of guilt and shame | 8 to 9 years | * | 9 to 10 years | * Is very competitive * Has difficulty admitting to mistakes, but is more capable of accepting failures and taking responsibility for them * Is developing a conscience, generally wants to do right, however sometimes overreacts or rebels against a strict conscience | 10 to 11 years | * More concerned with what is wrong than with what is right * Has a strong sense of justice | 11 to 12 years | * Has a strong urge to conform to peer-group morals | 12 to 15 years | * Understands right from wrong, tries to think things through and come to their own decision * Is concerned about fair treatment of others * Is reasonably thoughtful * Is unlikely to lie |
16 to 19 years | * May be interested in sex as response to own physical-emotional urges and as a way to participate in the adult world * Is confused about stated vaules and actual behaviours of family and friends * Experiences feelings of anger, sorrow, isolation and frustration. |
with a spoon * Helps to dress self * Is more able to manipulate small objects with hands, likes to scribble | 3 to 4 years | * Begins to climb ladders, can start to ride a tricycle * Is very active * Like to play with different textures, mud, sand, water * Can begin to put together simple puzzles * Can feed self with a spoon or fork * Takes care of own toilet needs independently during the day, may still need help at night | 4 to 5 years | * Is very active, can be physically aggressive * Muscles are developing rapidly | 5 to 6 years | * Increased appetite * Can dress and undress them self | 6 to 7 years | * Is full of energy and generally restless, tapping feet etc. * Has growth spurts * May become more fussy with food * Has awareness of different genders and is inquisitive * Commonly catches more bugs, colds etc due to close contact with others at school | 7 to 8 years | * Has well established hand-eye co-ordination and is more interested in drawing and painting * May develop nervous habits, such as nail biting * Has fewer illnesses but colds etc may last longer * Can be more accident prone as they explore and test abilities * May be more likely to sulk | 8 to 9 years | * General health improves as immune system is more developed * Good appetite, may be more willing to try new foods * May urinate them self due to anxiety * Very busy and active (on the go all the time) | 9 to 10 years | * Enjoys more complicated crafts * Interested in team games * Girls generally begin to develop faster than boys | 10 to 11 years | * Girls may have increased weight gain * Boys very active and rough in play | 11 to 12 years | * Become increasingly aware of their body and changes * Boys are ahead of girls in endurance and muscular development, may have increased appetite * May begin to show sign of self-consciousness when learning new skills | 12 to 15 years | * More concerned with appearance * May develop acne * Girls are gradually reaching physical and sexual maturity.
Boys are beginning to mature physically and sexually * Sudden and rapid increases in height, weight, and strength | 16 to 19 years | * Likely to act upon sexual desires * Has completed physical maturation |
Age | Communication and Intellectual development
| Birth to 6months | * Learns through senses * Vocalizes spontaneously | 6months to 1 year | * Likes to repeat the same behaviour * Likes to hear things being named, mummy, daddy, dog, car * May not speak until 1 year or later | 1 to 2 years | * Likes to explore, poke fingers in holes etc. * Can understand simple instructions * Can point to common objects, body parts * Enjoys simple songs and nursery rhymes * Uses one word sentences, bye, down, go,no | 2 to 3 years | * Begins to sing simple songs * Uses 3-4 word sentences * Has a short attention span | 3 to 4 years | * Uses imagination, likes to play in role play * Is curious and inquisitive | 4 to 5 years | * Has a large vocabulary * May have imaginary friends * Very curious, asks lots of questions, talks constantly * Nightmares are common | 5 to 6 years | * Has knowledge of colours and numbers * Can write own name and short words * Will follow instructions * May stutter if nervous * Begin to learn to read | 6 to 7 years | * More organised memories * Struggles to make choices | 7 to 8 years | * Attention span is greatly improved * Enjoys learning * Likes challenges * Enjoys collecting things and talking about personal hobbies and achievements * Can solve complex problems | 8 to 9 years | * Asks lots of questions, wants to know the reasons for things * Can over estimate own ability and feel like they are failing tasks | 9 to 10 years | * Likes to collect things, have developed own interests and hobbies * Increased curiosity, seeks to find out facts * Enjoys reading and writing and using books | 10 to 11 years | * Becomes interested in things, but for a short period of time * Shows signs of talent * May like or dislike to read * Can argue logically | 11 to 12 years | * May become more interested in the community and wish to take part in activities * Challenges adults knowledge * May start to be interested in earning money * May be critical of own work | 12 to 15 years | * Enjoys discussions and more argumentative * Feels a need to feel important in the world * Is able to plan for their own future | 16 to 19 years | * May show concerns about their future and like to have discussions about what to expect or options * May lack self assurance about personal skills |
Age | Social, emotional and behavioural development | Birth to 6months | * Can show excitement by waving arms, kicking legs * Cries in different ways to show when hungry, wet etc. * Fears unexpected noises * Copies movements gazes at faces * Enjoys being played with, held, tickled etc * Smiles at own reflection in mirror | 6months to 1 year | * Will talk using babbling sounds * Begins to imitate behaviours of others * Does not play nicely with other infants, will poke, push etc * Mother or mother figure is very important to them * Needs to feel safe and that someone is there to take care of them * Becomes distressed when mother figure leaves * Draws away from strangers | 1 to 2 years | * Starts to be demanding and more independent * Waves bye-bye * Can be possessive of belongings * Enjoys interaction with adults that they are familiar with * Still finds mother very important * Begins to learn trust needs to know that someone will take care of them * Sucks thumb, dummy * Has temper tantrums * Is generally happy * Can be frustrated at not being able to put their wishes into words, lack of understanding by others | 2 to 3 years | * Fears mother figure leaving * Says “NO!” frequently, testing their own powers * Begins to be more independent, wanting to do things for them self * Dislikes strangers * Imitates adult behaviours, washing up, cleaning, applying make-up | 3 to 4 years | * Is more comfortable leaving mother for short periods * Enjoys company, behaves better with groups * Is dependent on adult approval, anxious to please, and receive praise and love | 4 to 5 years | * Has good imagination, enjoys imitating adults * Needs to play with others, although can be selective about their playmates * Tests people boundaries * Confidence is growing in them self and with the world * Can start to have insecurities | 5 to 6 years | * Mother is centre of child’s world, and fears her leaving * Is interested where babies come from * Knows differences in sexes and is more modest * Plays with both genders, is calm and friendly, can play in a group or with one other child, although generally prefers to play with members of the same sex * Can develop nausea and vomiting if child doesn’t like school * When tired, nervous, or upset, may show comforting habits, such as nail biting, sucking of thumb etc. * Can be easily embarrassed | 6 to 7 years | * Child doesn’t like being kissed in public, especially boys * Can be seen as a tattletale, friendships can be unstable * Must be seen as the winner, will change rules to fit own needs, if not the winner often makes accusations that others are cheating, or not playing properly * Can develop problems at school if expectations are too high, such as lack of concentration, fooling around, distracting other children * Finds it difficult to accept blame, or punishment, will often blame other for own actions * Can feel insecure as a result of trying to be more independent | 7 to 8 years | * Likes to be given more responsibilities * May use aggression as a way to solve problems * Is concerned with others reactions, may fear being late * Begins division of genders, will only play/communicate with same sex |
8 to 9 years | * Demands love and understanding from mother * May tell ‘dirty jokes’ * Makes new friends easily, develops best friend generally of the same sex * Likes to keep secrets * May put up a fight/ resist when given instructions but will eventually give in * Likes to receive immediate rewards for good behaviour * Can be affectionate, helpful, cheerful outgoing and curious however can also be rude, selfish, bossy, demanding and silly and giggly | 9 to 10 years | * Can be very group/club oriented but always with the same sex * Boys tend to test and exercise a great deal of independence * Can have some behaviour issues, especially if not accepted by others * Is becoming very independent, dependable and trustworthy | 10 to 11 years | * Is very affectionate with parents * Is very selective in friendships, it is very important they are in the ‘IN’ crowd * Is concerned with appearance and style * Likes their own privacy * Main worries are school and peer relationships * Girls mature faster than boys | 11 to 12 years | * Is critical of adults and can be unbearable to live with * Wants to have more independence, often unreasonable amounts * Hates being told what to do, rebels against routines * Dramatizes and exaggerates when arguing “You’re the worst mother in the world!” |
12 to 15 years | * Boys generally resist any form of affection * Generally feels parents are too restrictive * Annoyed by younger siblings * Generally feels parents are ‘old fashioned’ * Friendships become less intense and are part of a group of friends * Girls begin to show more interest in the opposite sex * Has major worries about grades, apperence and popularity * Shows verbal anger towards a figure of authority | 16 to 19 years | * May feel that parents are ‘nosey’ * Relationships with parents can range from friendly and close to hostile * May have a single, romantic, relationship * May talk about marriage * Generally has many friends and few confidents * Is concerned about failure * May appear, to be moody, self-centred, stubborn and confused |
Age | Moral development | Birth to 6months | * | 6months to 1 year | * | 1 to 2 years | * Is sensitive to adult approval and disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger | 2 to 3 years | * Appears self-reliant and wants to be good, however is not yet mature enough to be able to keep promises | 3 to 4 years | * Begins to know right from wrong * Has better self control and becomes less aggressive * Can use extreme verbal threats without understanding the full implications such as “I’ll kill you” * Others opinions about child are very important | 4 to 5 years | * Understands right from wrong, generally has a desire to do right and may blame others for their own wrongdoing | 5 to 6 years | * May continue to blame others for their mistakes or wrongdoings as has an intense desire to please and do right | 6 to 7 years | * Is very concerned with personal behaviour | 7 to 8 years | * Shows signs of guilt and shame | 8 to 9 years | * | 9 to 10 years | * Is very competitive * Has difficulty admitting to mistakes, but is more capable of accepting failures and taking responsibility for them * Is developing a conscience, generally wants to do right, however sometimes overreacts or rebels against a strict conscience | 10 to 11 years | * More concerned with what is wrong than with what is right * Has a strong sense of justice | 11 to 12 years | * Has a strong urge to conform to peer-group morals | 12 to 15 years | * Understands right from wrong, tries to think things through and come to their own decision * Is concerned about fair treatment of others * Is reasonably thoughtful * Is unlikely to lie |
16 to 19 years | * May be interested in sex as response to own physical-emotional urges and as a way to participate in the adult world * Is confused about stated vaules and actual behaviours of family and friends * Experiences feelings of anger, sorrow, isolation and frustration. |