Developmental Delay Research Paper
Developmental Delay
Definition
Developmental delay is defined as a significant delay in the process of development. Without intervention these delays will affect normal development. Areas of delays include language, perception, cognitive, social, emotional, or motor development. Developmental delay refers only to children between the ages of 0 and 8 years. (Education and early childhood development, n.d.)The definitions in each state must be wide enough to include all disability categories to be covered under the IDEA. (Heward, 2012)
Identification criteria
Screening test used for developmental delays is the Denver II. This test is for children age 2 weeks to age 6. Denver II is a observation and parent report format which assesses 125 skills …show more content…
in four developmental areas. These areas include gross mother, fine motor, social, and language. The results are than compared to the normal results for that age group/ Another screening tool is Ages and Stages Questionnaire which the parents complete at questionnaire at different ages to asses the five area of development. These 5 areas include gross motor, fine motor, communication, social, and adaptive.
Characteristics
Gross Motor
• 3-4 months: does not reach for, grasp, or hold objects, does not support his or her head well, does not bring objects to his or her mouth, and does not push down with legs when his or her feet are placed on a firm surface
• 7 months: child has stiff and tight or very floppy muscles, flops his or her head when pulled into a sitting position, reaches with one hand only or does not actively reach for objects, has trouble getting objects to his or her mouth, doesn't roll over in either direction , cannot sit up without help, and does not bear weight on his or her legs when you pull him or her up to a standing position
• 1 years old: Child does not crawl, drags one side of his or her body while crawling, and cannot stand when supported
• 2 years old: Child cannot walk (by 18 months), does not develop a heel-to-toe walking pattern or walks only on toes, and cannot push a wheeled …show more content…
toy
Social Delays
• 3 months: Child does not smile at people and does not pay attention to new faces, or seems frightened by them
• 7 months: Child refuses to cuddle, shows no affection for parents or caregivers, shows no enjoyment around people, cannot be comforted at night , does not smile without prompting, does not laugh or squeal, and shows no interest in games
• I years old: Child shows no back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles, or facial expressions and shows no back-and-forth gestures, such as waving, reaching, or pointing
Cognitive Delays
• 1 years old: Child does not search for objects that are hidden while he or she watches, does not use gestures, and does not point to objects or pictures.
• 2 years old: Child does not know the function of common objects, does not follow simple instructions, and does not imitate actions or words (Bhandari, 2016)
Fine Motor Delays
• Don’t show interest in grasping objects
• Poor hand-eye coordination
• Appear to be clumsy
• Trouble with doing things with hands such as building with blocks
(“Signs of Fine Motor Delay and How to Improve Fine Motor Skills,” n.d.)
Language Delays
• Not babbling by 15 months
• Not talking by age 2
• Cannot speak in short sentences by age of 3
• Issues with following directions
• Poor pronunciation
• Leaving words out of a sentence.
(DePietro, 2016)
Etiology
Infancy causes of developmental delays can be caused by genetic disorders such as Downs syndrome.
Additionally fetal alcohol syndrome and fragile X syndrome has been linked to developmental delays. Medical issues after birth such as being born premature have been associated with developmental delays. Developmental delays in language can be contributed to exposure to more than one language, learning disability, child abuse or neglect, dysarthria, hearing loss, and children who are on the autism spectrum. Gross motor delays can be caused by ataxia, cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, myopathy, spina bifida, and vision impairment. Social delays can be caused by neglect, attachment issues, and cognitive delays. Genetic defects, medical problems before birth, harmful environmental toxins have been linked to the cause of cognitive delays. (Bhandari, 2016)
Strategies/Intervention
Early Intervention Services are key to help with developmental delays. Speech therapy is a program that helps with improving language development. There are many methods used to help with language skills. For example articulation problems fingers or other items may be used to help gain control of the mouth. Also speech therapist can help with using special communication devices if needed. Additionally speech therapists use speech games, flash cards, and toys to encourage participation. Speech therapist includes the family in the therapy to ensure that the resources are utilized in the home to promote
success.
Occupational therapy can help with children gaining independence in areas of daily living activities. Occupational therapy can help with gross motor delays, fine motor delays, and cognitive delays. The Occupational therapist will help assist in learning age appropriate activities such as dressing, eating, and bathing.
Physical therapy is another intervention that can help with groos and fine motor delays. Physical therapy focuses on gross/fine motor skills, balance and coordination, and muscle strength. Physical therapist will assess joint and muscle function, mobility, strength muscle tone, and motor skills, posture, and balance. Physical therapist will come up with a plan and implement to help the child make progress. (“How is developmental delay treated?,” 2016)
Parent Info/ Resources
Websites:
There are online websites available as resources which include Healthy Child. Org, Developmental Delay Resources. Org, Help me Grow National Center, and First Signs. Org. (“How is developmental delay treated?,” 2016)
Local Resources
Safe Harbor does have early interventions that can be provided. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapies are some resources that can be referred. (“Early Intervention,” n.d.) Erie County Care Management has an early intervention program called Off to a Good start. The program is responsible for Intake, screening and service coordination to ensure the student has access to services. (“Erie county care management, Inc,” n.d.)
Definition
Developmental delay is defined as a significant delay in the process of development. Without intervention these delays will affect normal development. Areas of delays include language, perception, cognitive, social, emotional, or motor development. Developmental delay refers only to children between the ages of 0 and 8 years. (Education and early childhood development, n.d.)The definitions in each state must be wide enough to include all disability categories to be covered under the IDEA. (Heward, 2012)
Identification criteria
Screening test used for developmental delays is the Denver II. This test is for children age 2 weeks to age 6. Denver II is a observation and parent report format which assesses 125 skills …show more content…
in four developmental areas. These areas include gross mother, fine motor, social, and language. The results are than compared to the normal results for that age group/ Another screening tool is Ages and Stages Questionnaire which the parents complete at questionnaire at different ages to asses the five area of development. These 5 areas include gross motor, fine motor, communication, social, and adaptive.
Characteristics
Gross Motor
• 3-4 months: does not reach for, grasp, or hold objects, does not support his or her head well, does not bring objects to his or her mouth, and does not push down with legs when his or her feet are placed on a firm surface
• 7 months: child has stiff and tight or very floppy muscles, flops his or her head when pulled into a sitting position, reaches with one hand only or does not actively reach for objects, has trouble getting objects to his or her mouth, doesn't roll over in either direction , cannot sit up without help, and does not bear weight on his or her legs when you pull him or her up to a standing position
• 1 years old: Child does not crawl, drags one side of his or her body while crawling, and cannot stand when supported
• 2 years old: Child cannot walk (by 18 months), does not develop a heel-to-toe walking pattern or walks only on toes, and cannot push a wheeled …show more content…
toy
Social Delays
• 3 months: Child does not smile at people and does not pay attention to new faces, or seems frightened by them
• 7 months: Child refuses to cuddle, shows no affection for parents or caregivers, shows no enjoyment around people, cannot be comforted at night , does not smile without prompting, does not laugh or squeal, and shows no interest in games
• I years old: Child shows no back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles, or facial expressions and shows no back-and-forth gestures, such as waving, reaching, or pointing
Cognitive Delays
• 1 years old: Child does not search for objects that are hidden while he or she watches, does not use gestures, and does not point to objects or pictures.
• 2 years old: Child does not know the function of common objects, does not follow simple instructions, and does not imitate actions or words (Bhandari, 2016)
Fine Motor Delays
• Don’t show interest in grasping objects
• Poor hand-eye coordination
• Appear to be clumsy
• Trouble with doing things with hands such as building with blocks
(“Signs of Fine Motor Delay and How to Improve Fine Motor Skills,” n.d.)
Language Delays
• Not babbling by 15 months
• Not talking by age 2
• Cannot speak in short sentences by age of 3
• Issues with following directions
• Poor pronunciation
• Leaving words out of a sentence.
(DePietro, 2016)
Etiology
Infancy causes of developmental delays can be caused by genetic disorders such as Downs syndrome.
Additionally fetal alcohol syndrome and fragile X syndrome has been linked to developmental delays. Medical issues after birth such as being born premature have been associated with developmental delays. Developmental delays in language can be contributed to exposure to more than one language, learning disability, child abuse or neglect, dysarthria, hearing loss, and children who are on the autism spectrum. Gross motor delays can be caused by ataxia, cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, myopathy, spina bifida, and vision impairment. Social delays can be caused by neglect, attachment issues, and cognitive delays. Genetic defects, medical problems before birth, harmful environmental toxins have been linked to the cause of cognitive delays. (Bhandari, 2016)
Strategies/Intervention
Early Intervention Services are key to help with developmental delays. Speech therapy is a program that helps with improving language development. There are many methods used to help with language skills. For example articulation problems fingers or other items may be used to help gain control of the mouth. Also speech therapist can help with using special communication devices if needed. Additionally speech therapists use speech games, flash cards, and toys to encourage participation. Speech therapist includes the family in the therapy to ensure that the resources are utilized in the home to promote
success.
Occupational therapy can help with children gaining independence in areas of daily living activities. Occupational therapy can help with gross motor delays, fine motor delays, and cognitive delays. The Occupational therapist will help assist in learning age appropriate activities such as dressing, eating, and bathing.
Physical therapy is another intervention that can help with groos and fine motor delays. Physical therapy focuses on gross/fine motor skills, balance and coordination, and muscle strength. Physical therapist will assess joint and muscle function, mobility, strength muscle tone, and motor skills, posture, and balance. Physical therapist will come up with a plan and implement to help the child make progress. (“How is developmental delay treated?,” 2016)
Parent Info/ Resources
Websites:
There are online websites available as resources which include Healthy Child. Org, Developmental Delay Resources. Org, Help me Grow National Center, and First Signs. Org. (“How is developmental delay treated?,” 2016)
Local Resources
Safe Harbor does have early interventions that can be provided. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapies are some resources that can be referred. (“Early Intervention,” n.d.) Erie County Care Management has an early intervention program called Off to a Good start. The program is responsible for Intake, screening and service coordination to ensure the student has access to services. (“Erie county care management, Inc,” n.d.)