Did Henry Kissinger Prove That Realpolitik Was Permanent?
5. How does Kissinger prove that Realpolitik was permanent? Henry Kissinger introduced the concept of Realpolitik the United States. Realpolitik is diplomacy based on needs of the state. The accomplishing of one’s political goals through practical means. Kissinger proves that Realpolitik was permanent in two different situations. The first, is when the French expanded their military. They created the notion that Germany was planning to attack. They leaked a story that the Russian Tsar would side with France against Germany. The prime minister of Great Britain wanted to intimidate Berlin, so he asked his foreign secretary to approach the Russian Chancellor.
6. What were Russia’s mistakes and consequences? Russia was always looking to go to war. They were not willing to negotiate …show more content…
politically because they didn’t have much at stake in Europe. They also singly dealt with regional problems. Some of these problems were the Balkan Wars, The conflict with Turkey and Treaty of Adrianople. Russia also over expanded. They also had an outdated bureaucratic structure. Only a limited number of people were able to speak to the Tsar. The communication system was bankrupt. Russia believed that the way to build great power was through territorial expansion. Obruchev believed that after the Crimean War Russia was taken advantage of because the countries that decided the peace were not part of the fight. Russia wanted no country to be able to decide the peace on their own. Due to all of Russia’s mistakes they lost the war with Japan in 1905 and they were isolated from Europe. 7. What was Germany’s mistakes and consequences? Germany ended the Re-insurance treaty. The Re-insurance treaty was a secret treaty that Germany and Russia guaranteed that they would stay neutral in war with a third power. This would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia would strike Austria. The treaty was very important in order to guarantee each other against another country. Because they ended the treaty, they lost leverage with Austria. It also led to tensions with Russia. Another mistake of Germany was that they abandoned the policy of Otto Van Bismark and Moltke Schleiffin Plan. It guaranteed a two front war. Moltke tried to avoid war on two faces at once and they abandoned his military philosophy.
8. What is America’s foreign policy and what challenges it faces? (17) Foreign policy is a nations external goal and the means of which they use to achieve them. Two major aspects are national security and diplomacy. They need to protect the independence of the United States and settle disputes and conflicts amongst nations using peaceful methods. The United States foreign policy is based off of idealism. It sees all nations as willing to agree on moral standards. In opposition to idealism, is realism. It sees the world as a dangerous place and every nation struggles to survive. The U.S foreign policy balances both of these ideas. America has two different approaches to foreign policy. On one hand they act as a beacon and on the other hand they act as a missionary. America did not choose these roles, rather history shaped them into it. There is a new world order and all nations need to adjust to it. No nations have any past experience with this new world order. America needs to resolve its values and experiences to adjust to the new world order. As more and more countries join the nuclear club, nuclear proliferation remains a world problem. In the 1970’s President Nixon opened diplomatic and economic relationships with China. They became a major trading partner of the United States. A few years later, China took control of Hong Kong from the British and persevered the free enterprise system. The political structures of the nation must adapt and change to deal with the world of the twenty-first century.
9. Who makes foreign policy according to Kissinger? (17) While the President has important foreign policy powers, the Constitution gives Congress the opportunity to check these powers. The two most significant presidential powers are the negotiation of treaties and the leadership of the armed forces as commander-in-chief. However, any treaties negotiated by the president must be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate and the decision to declare war belongs to Congress. Of course presidents have figured out ways to work their will in foreign policy, committing troops in circumstances short of a formal state of war and using executive agreements to get around the requirement of Senate approval of treaties. Finally, the Constitution gives the President the right to appoint ambassadors and recognize foreign governments. The president also has informal powers in the foreign policy process, including his access to intelligence reports from the CIA and the military, his ability to influence budget priorities, and his influence on public opinion. In addition to the president, there are at least four foreign policymaking sources within the executive branch
10.
What role id the U.S. play in recent regional conflicts? (17)
The island nations of Haiti and Cuba have had a major impact on domestic as well as foreign policy issues for the U.S. Immigrants from both countries flooded into Florida. Continuing problems with the communist government t in Cuba led the United States to pass the Helms-Burton Act for an embargo on Cuba. The Middle East crisis between Israel and its Arab neighbors has been a long-standing regional conflict. The United States has repeatedly tried to bring about a peaceful settlement of the conflict. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990 has created an additional Middle East crisis for the U.S. In Operation Desert Storm, the United States, with a coalition of nations under United Nations authority, pushed Iraq out of Kuwait. Iraq, under United Nations sanctions, has continued to defy the world and has created an environment of regional tension. Ethnic conflicts have broken out in a number of African nations. The conflicts have been made more devastating because of drought, AIDS, and famine conditions in many countries. The efforts of the United Nations and United States have been unable to stop the
conflicts.
11. What response did the North Koreans expect when they crossed the 38th parallel? (19) The North Korean’s expecting more than a diplomatic protest when North Korean groups crossed 38th parallel. The socialists in Moscow and Pyongyang assumed that America wouldn’t resist a communist take over of half of Korea after have accepting the communist victory over China. Communists did not find it likely that America would fight at the top of the peninsula.
12. What is Kissinger’s view on containment? (19)
The containment strategy assigned he Americans the mission of redeeming their soviet rival. They wanted to stop the expansion of the enemy and stop communism from spreading. The Marshal Plan strengthened Western Europe in both economic and social aspects. The Atlantic alliance was a military barricade against the soviet expansion. The Greek- Turkish aid program rejected the soviet threat. Democracies were prepared to go to war to counterattack against the threats. However, the containment did have flaws. They did not consider the possibility that the communists might break out at some point in time.
13. How did America get involved in the Vietnam War? (27)
America got involved in the Vietnam War because French did not want Vietnam having independence, so they attacked Vietnam and started fighting. After they started fighting the French asked America to come in and help them. America sent military consultants over. Eventually, America helped South Vietnam fight North Vietnam. After North invaded and killed military consultants America sent an air force and began bombing North Vietnam. During all of this, America African Americans took a stand and started "sit-ins." If they were rejected service at a restraint they were to sit down there and put the owner to humiliation. Johnson dropped out of the race and Nixon became the president. After he became President he moved to end the Vietnam War and he has secret peace negotiations with North Vietnam in 1969. By 1972 America was no longer a part of the war. The War Powers Act was passed and a way to recreate limits on executive power.
14. What are the challenges in world politics?
In a new development, dissident groups, rebels, and other revolutionaries have used modern weapons to engage in terrorism in order to affect world politics. The long-standing regional conflict in the Middle East has produced a number of terrorist acts worldwide in the last two decades. In 2001, terrorism came to the United States with the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought a lowering of tensions among the nuclear powers, but the number and location of nuclear weapons continues to be a major problem. The emergence of China as a major trading partner of the United States and the most populous nation in the world has altered world trade policies. This is just one of the major developments in the global economy. Since the 1980s the United States has become a debtor nation. We owe more to foreigners than foreigners owe to us. The United States sent more than a half-million troops to push Iraq out of Kuwait in 1991. In 2003, the United States invaded and occupied Iraq, as part of the War on Terrorism. In addition to the war in Iraq, the issues of nuclear proliferation and the emergence of China as a superpower have caused concern for U.S. policy makers. Regional conflicts throughout the world have replaced the Cold War as a major focus of U.S. foreign policy. Unrest in the island nations of Haiti and Cuba produced a flood of immigrants, which has particularly affected the state of Florida. Clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors have been a concern of the United States since the conflict began in 1948. As recently as the summer 2006, violence continued to erupt, as Israel went to war with the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon. Ethnic violence in Africa also flared in the 1990s. The United States has played a limited role in these conflicts, except for an effort to bring humanitarian aid to Somalia in 1992-1995. A current conflict between government forces and rebels in Darfur, Sudan has produced millions of refugees, disease and starvation. As if this wasn’t enough tragedy, in recent years the suffering in Africa has worsened with a widespread AIDS epidemic.
15. What does Kissinger mean by “the doomsday mission”?
The tensions that eventually started World War One were building up for a long time. Diplomatic and military branches of the government drifted away from one another and there was a great disconnect. The diplomats did not know any of the military plans and they worked very slowly. On the other hand the militaries worked quickly and developed mobilization plans. They failed to go into depth on implications of their plans. Proper negotiation was difficult and the solutions to the problems only were in favor of one party and not the other. Because of all of this tension increased significantly and every decisions they made were extremely difficult.
6. What were Russia’s mistakes and consequences? Russia was always looking to go to war. They were not willing to negotiate …show more content…
politically because they didn’t have much at stake in Europe. They also singly dealt with regional problems. Some of these problems were the Balkan Wars, The conflict with Turkey and Treaty of Adrianople. Russia also over expanded. They also had an outdated bureaucratic structure. Only a limited number of people were able to speak to the Tsar. The communication system was bankrupt. Russia believed that the way to build great power was through territorial expansion. Obruchev believed that after the Crimean War Russia was taken advantage of because the countries that decided the peace were not part of the fight. Russia wanted no country to be able to decide the peace on their own. Due to all of Russia’s mistakes they lost the war with Japan in 1905 and they were isolated from Europe. 7. What was Germany’s mistakes and consequences? Germany ended the Re-insurance treaty. The Re-insurance treaty was a secret treaty that Germany and Russia guaranteed that they would stay neutral in war with a third power. This would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia would strike Austria. The treaty was very important in order to guarantee each other against another country. Because they ended the treaty, they lost leverage with Austria. It also led to tensions with Russia. Another mistake of Germany was that they abandoned the policy of Otto Van Bismark and Moltke Schleiffin Plan. It guaranteed a two front war. Moltke tried to avoid war on two faces at once and they abandoned his military philosophy.
8. What is America’s foreign policy and what challenges it faces? (17) Foreign policy is a nations external goal and the means of which they use to achieve them. Two major aspects are national security and diplomacy. They need to protect the independence of the United States and settle disputes and conflicts amongst nations using peaceful methods. The United States foreign policy is based off of idealism. It sees all nations as willing to agree on moral standards. In opposition to idealism, is realism. It sees the world as a dangerous place and every nation struggles to survive. The U.S foreign policy balances both of these ideas. America has two different approaches to foreign policy. On one hand they act as a beacon and on the other hand they act as a missionary. America did not choose these roles, rather history shaped them into it. There is a new world order and all nations need to adjust to it. No nations have any past experience with this new world order. America needs to resolve its values and experiences to adjust to the new world order. As more and more countries join the nuclear club, nuclear proliferation remains a world problem. In the 1970’s President Nixon opened diplomatic and economic relationships with China. They became a major trading partner of the United States. A few years later, China took control of Hong Kong from the British and persevered the free enterprise system. The political structures of the nation must adapt and change to deal with the world of the twenty-first century.
9. Who makes foreign policy according to Kissinger? (17) While the President has important foreign policy powers, the Constitution gives Congress the opportunity to check these powers. The two most significant presidential powers are the negotiation of treaties and the leadership of the armed forces as commander-in-chief. However, any treaties negotiated by the president must be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate and the decision to declare war belongs to Congress. Of course presidents have figured out ways to work their will in foreign policy, committing troops in circumstances short of a formal state of war and using executive agreements to get around the requirement of Senate approval of treaties. Finally, the Constitution gives the President the right to appoint ambassadors and recognize foreign governments. The president also has informal powers in the foreign policy process, including his access to intelligence reports from the CIA and the military, his ability to influence budget priorities, and his influence on public opinion. In addition to the president, there are at least four foreign policymaking sources within the executive branch
10.
What role id the U.S. play in recent regional conflicts? (17)
The island nations of Haiti and Cuba have had a major impact on domestic as well as foreign policy issues for the U.S. Immigrants from both countries flooded into Florida. Continuing problems with the communist government t in Cuba led the United States to pass the Helms-Burton Act for an embargo on Cuba. The Middle East crisis between Israel and its Arab neighbors has been a long-standing regional conflict. The United States has repeatedly tried to bring about a peaceful settlement of the conflict. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990 has created an additional Middle East crisis for the U.S. In Operation Desert Storm, the United States, with a coalition of nations under United Nations authority, pushed Iraq out of Kuwait. Iraq, under United Nations sanctions, has continued to defy the world and has created an environment of regional tension. Ethnic conflicts have broken out in a number of African nations. The conflicts have been made more devastating because of drought, AIDS, and famine conditions in many countries. The efforts of the United Nations and United States have been unable to stop the
conflicts.
11. What response did the North Koreans expect when they crossed the 38th parallel? (19) The North Korean’s expecting more than a diplomatic protest when North Korean groups crossed 38th parallel. The socialists in Moscow and Pyongyang assumed that America wouldn’t resist a communist take over of half of Korea after have accepting the communist victory over China. Communists did not find it likely that America would fight at the top of the peninsula.
12. What is Kissinger’s view on containment? (19)
The containment strategy assigned he Americans the mission of redeeming their soviet rival. They wanted to stop the expansion of the enemy and stop communism from spreading. The Marshal Plan strengthened Western Europe in both economic and social aspects. The Atlantic alliance was a military barricade against the soviet expansion. The Greek- Turkish aid program rejected the soviet threat. Democracies were prepared to go to war to counterattack against the threats. However, the containment did have flaws. They did not consider the possibility that the communists might break out at some point in time.
13. How did America get involved in the Vietnam War? (27)
America got involved in the Vietnam War because French did not want Vietnam having independence, so they attacked Vietnam and started fighting. After they started fighting the French asked America to come in and help them. America sent military consultants over. Eventually, America helped South Vietnam fight North Vietnam. After North invaded and killed military consultants America sent an air force and began bombing North Vietnam. During all of this, America African Americans took a stand and started "sit-ins." If they were rejected service at a restraint they were to sit down there and put the owner to humiliation. Johnson dropped out of the race and Nixon became the president. After he became President he moved to end the Vietnam War and he has secret peace negotiations with North Vietnam in 1969. By 1972 America was no longer a part of the war. The War Powers Act was passed and a way to recreate limits on executive power.
14. What are the challenges in world politics?
In a new development, dissident groups, rebels, and other revolutionaries have used modern weapons to engage in terrorism in order to affect world politics. The long-standing regional conflict in the Middle East has produced a number of terrorist acts worldwide in the last two decades. In 2001, terrorism came to the United States with the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought a lowering of tensions among the nuclear powers, but the number and location of nuclear weapons continues to be a major problem. The emergence of China as a major trading partner of the United States and the most populous nation in the world has altered world trade policies. This is just one of the major developments in the global economy. Since the 1980s the United States has become a debtor nation. We owe more to foreigners than foreigners owe to us. The United States sent more than a half-million troops to push Iraq out of Kuwait in 1991. In 2003, the United States invaded and occupied Iraq, as part of the War on Terrorism. In addition to the war in Iraq, the issues of nuclear proliferation and the emergence of China as a superpower have caused concern for U.S. policy makers. Regional conflicts throughout the world have replaced the Cold War as a major focus of U.S. foreign policy. Unrest in the island nations of Haiti and Cuba produced a flood of immigrants, which has particularly affected the state of Florida. Clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors have been a concern of the United States since the conflict began in 1948. As recently as the summer 2006, violence continued to erupt, as Israel went to war with the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon. Ethnic violence in Africa also flared in the 1990s. The United States has played a limited role in these conflicts, except for an effort to bring humanitarian aid to Somalia in 1992-1995. A current conflict between government forces and rebels in Darfur, Sudan has produced millions of refugees, disease and starvation. As if this wasn’t enough tragedy, in recent years the suffering in Africa has worsened with a widespread AIDS epidemic.
15. What does Kissinger mean by “the doomsday mission”?
The tensions that eventually started World War One were building up for a long time. Diplomatic and military branches of the government drifted away from one another and there was a great disconnect. The diplomats did not know any of the military plans and they worked very slowly. On the other hand the militaries worked quickly and developed mobilization plans. They failed to go into depth on implications of their plans. Proper negotiation was difficult and the solutions to the problems only were in favor of one party and not the other. Because of all of this tension increased significantly and every decisions they made were extremely difficult.