Distance Education: Definition and Glossary of Terms

Distance Education:
Definition and Glossary of Terms, 2nd Edition
2006

Lee Ayers Schlosser
Associate Professor
Southern Oregon University and Michael Simonson
Program Professor
Nova Southeastern University
Table of Contents
Preface 3
Defining Distance Education 4 Emerging Definitions 12
A Brief History of Distance Education 13 Correspondence Study 14 Electronic Communications 19 Distance Teaching Universities 23
Theory and Distance Education 25 The Need for Theory 26 Theory of Independent Study—Charles Wedemeyer 31 Theory of Independent Study—Michael Moore 33 Theory of Industrialization of Teaching—Otto Peters 35 Theory of Interaction and Communication—Börje Holmberg 42 Andragogy—Malcolm Knowles 48 A Synthesis of Theories—Hilary Perraton 50 Equivalency Theory: An American Theory of Distance Education 53 A Theoretical Framework for Distance Education—Desmond Keegan 56 Summary 60
References 65
Additional Readings 70
Glossary of Terms 74

Preface 3
Defining Distance Education 4 Emerging Definitions 12
A Brief History of Distance Education 13 Correspondence Study 14 Electronic Communications 19 Distance Teaching Universities 23
Theory and Distance Education 25 The Need for Theory 26 Theory of Independent Study—Charles Wedemeyer 31 Theory of Independent Study—Michael Moore 33 Theory of Industrialization of Teaching—Otto Peters 35 Theory of Interaction and Communication—Börje Holmberg 42 Andragogy—Malcolm Knowles 48 A Synthesis of Theories—Hilary Perraton 50 Equivalency Theory: An American Theory of Distance Education 53 A Theoretical Framework for Distance Education—Desmond Keegan 56 Summary 60
References 65
Additional Readings 70
Glossary of Terms 74

Preface
Distance Education has become a major topic of interest in the field of educational communications and technology. In response to this interest, the Association for Educational Communications and

References: Ackermann, E. (1995). Learning to use the Internet. Wilsonville, OR: Franklin, Beedle and Associates Inc. Badham, R., & Mathews, J. (1989). The new production systems debate. Labour and Industry, 2(2), 194–246. Brookfield, S. (1986). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Campion, M. (1995). The supposed demise of bureaucracy: Implications for distance education and open learning—More on the post-Fordism debate. Distance Education, 16(2), 192–216. Cropley, A. J., & Kahl, T. N. (1983). Distance education and distance learning: Some psychological considerations. Distance Education, 4(1), 27–39. Ding, X. (1995). From Fordism to new-Fordism: Industrialisation theory and distance education—a Chinese perspective. Distance Education, 16(2), 217–240. Edwards, R. (1995). Different discourses, discourses of difference: Globalisation, distance education, and open learning. Distance Education, 16(2), 241–255. Evans, T. (1995). Globalisation, post-Fordism and open and distance education. Distance Education, 16(2), 256–269. Garrison, D. R., & Shale, D. (1987). Mapping the boundaries of distance education: Problems in defining the field. The American Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 7–13. Holmberg, B. (1995). The sphere of distance-education theory revisited. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED386578) Keegan, D Keegan, D. (1988). Theories of distance education: Introduction. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 63–67). New York: Routledge. Keegan, D. (1995). Distance education technology for the new millennium: Compressed video teaching. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED389931) Knowles, M Moore, M. (1994). Autonomy and interdependence. The American Journal of Distance Education, 8(2), 1–5. Perraton, H. (1988). A theory for distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 34–45). New York: Routledge. Peters, O. (1988). Distance teaching and industrial production: A comparative interpretation in outline. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 95–113). New York: Routledge. Renner, W. (1995). Post-Fordist visions and technological solutions: Education technology and the labour process. Distance Education, 16(2), 285–301. Rumble, G. (1989). On defining distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 8–21. Rumble, G. (1995a). Labour market theories and distance education I: Industrialisation and distance education. Open Learning, 10(1), 10–21. Rumble, G. (1995b). Labour market theories and distance education II: How Fordist is distance education? Open Learning, 10(2), 12–28. Rumble G. (1995c). Labour market theories and distance education III: Post-Fordism the way forward? Open Learning, 10(3), 47–52. Schlosser, L. & Simonson, M. (2002). Distance education: Definition and glossary of terms. Bloomington, IN: Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Shale, D. (1988). Toward a reconceptualization of distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 2(3), 25–35. Simonson, M. (2003). Definition of the field. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 4(1), vii-viii. Simonson, M. & Schlosser, C. (1999). Theory and distance education: A new discussion. American Journal of Distance Education, 13(1), 60-75. Simonson, M., & Schlosser, C. (1995). More than fiber: Distance education in Iowa. Tech Trends, 40(3), 13–15. Thach, L., & Murphy, L. (1994). Collaboration in distance education: From local to international perspectives. The American Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 5–21. Wedemeyer, C. (1981). Learning at the backdoor. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Berg, G. A. (2001, April-June). Distance learning best practices debate. WebNet Journal. Clark, R. E. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of Educational Research, 53(4), 445-459. Foley, M. (2003). The Global Development Learning Network: A World Bank initiative in distance learning for development. In M. G. Moore & W. G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Foreman, J. (2003, July/August). Distance learning and synchronous interaction. The Technology Source. Available online at http://ts.mivu.org/default.asp?show+article&id=1042. Garon, J. (2002, August). A new future for distance education. Interface Tech News. Available online at http://www.interfacenow.com/syndicatepro/displayarticle.asp?ArticleID=180 Graham, C., Cagiltay, K., Lim, B-R., Craner, J., & Duffy, T Hanna, D. E., Glowacki-Dudka, M., & Conceicao-Runlee, S. (2000). 147 practical tips for teaching online groups: Essentials for Web-based education. Madison, WI: Atwood. Hirumi, A. (2000). Chronicling the challenges of web-basing a degree program: A systems perspective. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 1(2), pp. 89-108. Indiana Partnership for Statewide Education. (2000). Guiding Principles for Faculty in Distance Learning Jonassen, D. (Ed.); (2003). The Handbook of research for educational communications and technology Kearsley, G. (2000). Online education: Learning and teaching in cyberspace Keegan, D. (1996). Foundations of distance education (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. Keegan, D. (Ed.). (1993). Theoretical principles of distance education Ko, S., & Rossen, S. (2003). Teaching online: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kovel-Jarboe, P. (2000). The changing contexts of higher education and four possible futures for distance education. Available: horizon.unc.edu/projects/issues/papers/kovel.asp Maeroff, G Moore, M.G., & Anderson, W. G. (2003). Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Moore, M., & Kearsley, G. (2005). Distance education: A systems view. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. (2003). enGauge 21st century skills: Literacy in the Digital Age. Available at: http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/skills.htm Orey, M., McClendon, J., & Branch, R Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2003). The virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2001). Lessons from the cyberspace classroom: The realities of online teaching. San Francisco: Wiley. Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2004). Learning for the 21st Century. Available at: http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/reports/learning.asp Russell, T Schlosser, C., & Burmeister, M. (1999). Best of both worlds: The Nova ITDE model of distance education. Tech Trends, 43(5), 45-48. Seels, B., & Richey, R. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., Albright, M., & Zvacek, S. (2006). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Simonson, M. (2000). Myths and distance education: What the research says (and does not). The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 4(1), 277-279. Sloan-C. (2002). Practice: Comparing the cost-effectiveness of online versus traditional classroom cost per student pass rates. Available at: http://www.aln.org/effective/details5.asp?CE_ID=21