Edwin Sutherland Criminology
Criminology:
Criminology is the scientific study of crime including its reason, action by agencies or government and methods of control or prevention.
According to Edwin Sutherland criminology is: o Making of laws: A proposal for a new law or a change to an existing one is called a bill. The stages involved in law-making includes the bill, first and second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading, the House of Lords and royal assent. o Breaking Of laws: Crime can be defined as breaking the law. Punishment is prescribed for those who violate those laws. o Society's reaction to the breaking of laws: Society either reacts positively or negatively when someone commits the crime. It depends on the imposing punishment on the lawbreaker. …show more content…
Three Divisions of criminology: o Criminal Etiology: Scientific study of the origin of crime o Sociology of law: Scientific study of the condition which criminal laws have developed as a process of formal and social control o Penology: Control and Prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders
Criminologist: A person who studies the causes of crime, its treatment, and prevention using scientific methods.
Criminal Justice:
Criminal justice is a connection of agencies and process which attempt to achieve control of crime, minimization of crime and forcing penalties for the commission of crimes.
Main Agencies of criminal justice:
Police: To investigate any complaint that is reported.
Crown Prosecution service: The CPS is responsible for guiding and reviewing cases submitted by the police and make ready for presentation of cases at court.
Criminal Deference service: Full legal representation for defendants in criminal cases at all court levels.
Courts: Court is the place where trial and other legal cases happen.
Three categories of the offense are:
Summary offenses - less serious and trial in the magistrates' courts,
Indictable offenses - more serious, trial in the crown court and,
Third offenses - that tried either in the magistrates' or crown court.
Probation: Probation's job is an observation of offenders in the society, providing further detail to sentences in court, arranging accommodation for offenders.
Prisons: Prison plays a key role to hold the rule of law by helping to make sure that illegal offenders are brought to justice and by providing a punishment for serious crime.
Youth justice board: Youth justice board works to control offending, to make sure public are safe in society, support victims of crime and to support the safety and the protection of rights to education, accommodation and welfare of children and young people.
Crime as a violation of law:
Crimes are subsets of violations like all crimes are violations but not all violations are crimes.
A crime is an action which constitutes an offense and is punishable by law in forms of penalties, including fines, probation, and incarceration.
A violation is a function instance of breaking law and especially a failure to do what is essential or what is liked to happen by law, rule or agreement.
Driving through a one-way road or parking vehicle in non-parking is illegal. But it is not a crime as you have to face court or jail and the positive side is you will not get arrested.
Next, there is a violation of game. In cricket, a team captain fails to finish the bowling part in stipulated time he will be fined 50% of his match fee and each player of the team is also fined 30%. This does not mean the captain or players are being placed on probation or in jail.
Crime entails questioning, fingerprint, arrest, the search of property, photography, a full set of legal process.
Punishment:
Impose any penalty, imprisonment, any pain, and sentence upon a person by the authority of the law, the judgment and order of a court, for some illegal activity, a crime or offense committed by him or her, or for his or her omission of a duty enjoying by law is punishment.
Types of punishment:
• Capital punishment:
Capital punishment is also known as death punishment. During the eighteen century, the ‘Bloody code' is a word used to introduce to the system of crime and punishment in England for the death penalty.
• Transportation:
Transportation is where convicts were sent to the colonies to serve their sentence, generally for periods of 7 to 14 years.
Transportation dismisses during the nineteen century for the following reasons:
Public view slowly goes against the practice
Doubts as to its impact increased.
The colonies themselves began to take offense and start opposing the practice.
• Imprisonment:
Imprisonment is putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment.
• Probation:
Probation is someone to be a guilt criminal person who is given some release on the specific condition that for the limited time period he or she acts in a manner approved by an officer whom he or she must report.
• Fine:
Fine is a penalty charged for not abiding by the law. Fine may be imposed but it should not be excessive.
Timeline – History of police:
The word police mean the arrangements in all countries to ensure that the residents keep the peace and obey the law.
1133 – 89: Henry II established the basis of a system of criminal justice, including a trial and jury system. Henry II also established the assize of arms, in 1181 which was all males over 15 to keep arms in their house for the purpose of maintaining the peace. During this time period England was largely rural, agriculture society, responsibility for maintaining the peace rested on local householders.
1285: The statute of Winchester established a formal without any pay role of the watchman to guard the towns from sunset to sunrise.
1663: The London city started to hire paid watchmen to secure the streets during the night and these men famous by the nickname Charlie's possible after the sovereign of the time Charles the second. They have carried some type of equipment included a raffle a lanthum and a staff which provide their only form of self-defence. The tiny particular amount of money paid to them were attractive to men who were aged and weak. Even so, they were very famous and effective night police anywhere in the country until the end of the 18th century.
1748: Henry Fielding came as a chief magistrate for Westminster with his office in Bow-street near Covent Garden. He fully aware that London really has to have a more permanent and efficient force than local constables and henry fielding employ six householders to mark as a constable at least for a year. They were working without the uniform but they were paid wages for working as a full-time and they became known as the Bow-street runners.
1800: One of the settled in new territory cities for the established professional police was Glasgow which has a claim to being the oldest police force in Britain who was paying salary to the policeman as early as 1800.
1822: Constabulary act of 1822 introduced a very important controlled professional police force which developed into the constabulary of Ireland and then into the royal Irish constabulary in 1867. Becoming the model for a number of colonel police forces in every part of the world.
1829: The legislation was declared by parliament to introduce the Metropolitan police in London. One force for an area approximately within a circle of seven miles from the centre of London. Colonel Charles Rone and Richard Mayne came as a joint commissioner with the headquarters in for Whitehall place knows as Scotland Yard. The police constables intently wore civilian style top hats and blue swallowtail coats and also carried wooden run chins and rattle which they normally used for to raise the alarm and ask for the help. The new police gained the nicknames of Peelers and Bobbies after Peel.
1835: The municipal corporations' act 1835 needed all borough to set up wages paid police forces.
1842: Commissioners Rowan and Maine established a detective department at Scotland Yard at first they started with two Inspectors and Six Sergeants. By 1877 it had increase to 250 men.
1856: The country and borough police act built police force compulsory, but at this time there were still 6 to 23 areas without a force.
1888: The local government act required a combination of a very small police force.
1901: The system of classified fingerprints was introduced which was the new weapon in the fight against crime. A tool which is still vital today.
1903: The Metropolitan police received Woolsey touring cars for commissioner use and for other officers. Also, policemen were started to use bicycles in 1909 this was the beginning of a new age of police mobility.
1910: The Metropolitan police first trap a criminal using the radio telegraphy.
1919: The Metropolitan policewomen guard was introduced as a branch at New Scotland Yard. Women were often police constable's wives, had previously been employed as ‘matrons' to deal with female offender and crime involving children.
1934: Home office committee effectively rationalizes police uniform.
1964: The police act 1964 created ‘tripartite structure ‘placing the role and responsibilities of the three main part in the direction and for better policing: chief constable, local police authority and the home secretary.
1972: Local government act 1972 decreased some of the provincial forces to 41.
1984: Police and criminal evidence act 1984 (PACE) increase the actions of police in England and Wales, particularly in relations to arrest, search and power of entry.
1998: The crime and disorder act 1998 introduced a legal responsibility on the police force, in connection with local authorities to audit local crime issues and increase a local community safety plan which is known as a crime and disorder reduction plan.
2002: By the police reform act 2002, Community support officers introduced because of the authority of chief constable and have restricted powers to hold suspects person, and also, to detain and check the vehicles and to issue a fixed-penalty notice.
References:
Newburn, Tim, (2013). Criminology. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
Davies, Malcolm. Croall, Hazel. Tyrer, Jane, (2010). Criminal Justice. 4th Edition. New York: Pearson Longman.
Maguire, Mike. Morgan, Rod. Reiner, Robert, (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Jones, Stephen, (2011). Criminology. 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford university press.
Criminology is the scientific study of crime including its reason, action by agencies or government and methods of control or prevention.
According to Edwin Sutherland criminology is: o Making of laws: A proposal for a new law or a change to an existing one is called a bill. The stages involved in law-making includes the bill, first and second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading, the House of Lords and royal assent. o Breaking Of laws: Crime can be defined as breaking the law. Punishment is prescribed for those who violate those laws. o Society's reaction to the breaking of laws: Society either reacts positively or negatively when someone commits the crime. It depends on the imposing punishment on the lawbreaker. …show more content…
Three Divisions of criminology: o Criminal Etiology: Scientific study of the origin of crime o Sociology of law: Scientific study of the condition which criminal laws have developed as a process of formal and social control o Penology: Control and Prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders
Criminologist: A person who studies the causes of crime, its treatment, and prevention using scientific methods.
Criminal Justice:
Criminal justice is a connection of agencies and process which attempt to achieve control of crime, minimization of crime and forcing penalties for the commission of crimes.
Main Agencies of criminal justice:
Police: To investigate any complaint that is reported.
Crown Prosecution service: The CPS is responsible for guiding and reviewing cases submitted by the police and make ready for presentation of cases at court.
Criminal Deference service: Full legal representation for defendants in criminal cases at all court levels.
Courts: Court is the place where trial and other legal cases happen.
Three categories of the offense are:
Summary offenses - less serious and trial in the magistrates' courts,
Indictable offenses - more serious, trial in the crown court and,
Third offenses - that tried either in the magistrates' or crown court.
Probation: Probation's job is an observation of offenders in the society, providing further detail to sentences in court, arranging accommodation for offenders.
Prisons: Prison plays a key role to hold the rule of law by helping to make sure that illegal offenders are brought to justice and by providing a punishment for serious crime.
Youth justice board: Youth justice board works to control offending, to make sure public are safe in society, support victims of crime and to support the safety and the protection of rights to education, accommodation and welfare of children and young people.
Crime as a violation of law:
Crimes are subsets of violations like all crimes are violations but not all violations are crimes.
A crime is an action which constitutes an offense and is punishable by law in forms of penalties, including fines, probation, and incarceration.
A violation is a function instance of breaking law and especially a failure to do what is essential or what is liked to happen by law, rule or agreement.
Driving through a one-way road or parking vehicle in non-parking is illegal. But it is not a crime as you have to face court or jail and the positive side is you will not get arrested.
Next, there is a violation of game. In cricket, a team captain fails to finish the bowling part in stipulated time he will be fined 50% of his match fee and each player of the team is also fined 30%. This does not mean the captain or players are being placed on probation or in jail.
Crime entails questioning, fingerprint, arrest, the search of property, photography, a full set of legal process.
Punishment:
Impose any penalty, imprisonment, any pain, and sentence upon a person by the authority of the law, the judgment and order of a court, for some illegal activity, a crime or offense committed by him or her, or for his or her omission of a duty enjoying by law is punishment.
Types of punishment:
• Capital punishment:
Capital punishment is also known as death punishment. During the eighteen century, the ‘Bloody code' is a word used to introduce to the system of crime and punishment in England for the death penalty.
• Transportation:
Transportation is where convicts were sent to the colonies to serve their sentence, generally for periods of 7 to 14 years.
Transportation dismisses during the nineteen century for the following reasons:
Public view slowly goes against the practice
Doubts as to its impact increased.
The colonies themselves began to take offense and start opposing the practice.
• Imprisonment:
Imprisonment is putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment.
• Probation:
Probation is someone to be a guilt criminal person who is given some release on the specific condition that for the limited time period he or she acts in a manner approved by an officer whom he or she must report.
• Fine:
Fine is a penalty charged for not abiding by the law. Fine may be imposed but it should not be excessive.
Timeline – History of police:
The word police mean the arrangements in all countries to ensure that the residents keep the peace and obey the law.
1133 – 89: Henry II established the basis of a system of criminal justice, including a trial and jury system. Henry II also established the assize of arms, in 1181 which was all males over 15 to keep arms in their house for the purpose of maintaining the peace. During this time period England was largely rural, agriculture society, responsibility for maintaining the peace rested on local householders.
1285: The statute of Winchester established a formal without any pay role of the watchman to guard the towns from sunset to sunrise.
1663: The London city started to hire paid watchmen to secure the streets during the night and these men famous by the nickname Charlie's possible after the sovereign of the time Charles the second. They have carried some type of equipment included a raffle a lanthum and a staff which provide their only form of self-defence. The tiny particular amount of money paid to them were attractive to men who were aged and weak. Even so, they were very famous and effective night police anywhere in the country until the end of the 18th century.
1748: Henry Fielding came as a chief magistrate for Westminster with his office in Bow-street near Covent Garden. He fully aware that London really has to have a more permanent and efficient force than local constables and henry fielding employ six householders to mark as a constable at least for a year. They were working without the uniform but they were paid wages for working as a full-time and they became known as the Bow-street runners.
1800: One of the settled in new territory cities for the established professional police was Glasgow which has a claim to being the oldest police force in Britain who was paying salary to the policeman as early as 1800.
1822: Constabulary act of 1822 introduced a very important controlled professional police force which developed into the constabulary of Ireland and then into the royal Irish constabulary in 1867. Becoming the model for a number of colonel police forces in every part of the world.
1829: The legislation was declared by parliament to introduce the Metropolitan police in London. One force for an area approximately within a circle of seven miles from the centre of London. Colonel Charles Rone and Richard Mayne came as a joint commissioner with the headquarters in for Whitehall place knows as Scotland Yard. The police constables intently wore civilian style top hats and blue swallowtail coats and also carried wooden run chins and rattle which they normally used for to raise the alarm and ask for the help. The new police gained the nicknames of Peelers and Bobbies after Peel.
1835: The municipal corporations' act 1835 needed all borough to set up wages paid police forces.
1842: Commissioners Rowan and Maine established a detective department at Scotland Yard at first they started with two Inspectors and Six Sergeants. By 1877 it had increase to 250 men.
1856: The country and borough police act built police force compulsory, but at this time there were still 6 to 23 areas without a force.
1888: The local government act required a combination of a very small police force.
1901: The system of classified fingerprints was introduced which was the new weapon in the fight against crime. A tool which is still vital today.
1903: The Metropolitan police received Woolsey touring cars for commissioner use and for other officers. Also, policemen were started to use bicycles in 1909 this was the beginning of a new age of police mobility.
1910: The Metropolitan police first trap a criminal using the radio telegraphy.
1919: The Metropolitan policewomen guard was introduced as a branch at New Scotland Yard. Women were often police constable's wives, had previously been employed as ‘matrons' to deal with female offender and crime involving children.
1934: Home office committee effectively rationalizes police uniform.
1964: The police act 1964 created ‘tripartite structure ‘placing the role and responsibilities of the three main part in the direction and for better policing: chief constable, local police authority and the home secretary.
1972: Local government act 1972 decreased some of the provincial forces to 41.
1984: Police and criminal evidence act 1984 (PACE) increase the actions of police in England and Wales, particularly in relations to arrest, search and power of entry.
1998: The crime and disorder act 1998 introduced a legal responsibility on the police force, in connection with local authorities to audit local crime issues and increase a local community safety plan which is known as a crime and disorder reduction plan.
2002: By the police reform act 2002, Community support officers introduced because of the authority of chief constable and have restricted powers to hold suspects person, and also, to detain and check the vehicles and to issue a fixed-penalty notice.
References:
Newburn, Tim, (2013). Criminology. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
Davies, Malcolm. Croall, Hazel. Tyrer, Jane, (2010). Criminal Justice. 4th Edition. New York: Pearson Longman.
Maguire, Mike. Morgan, Rod. Reiner, Robert, (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Jones, Stephen, (2011). Criminology. 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford university press.