Titus Flavius Vespasian was well known for restoring peace and stability to an empire in disarray following the death of Nero in A.D. 68. In the process he established the Flavian dynasty as the legitimate successor to the imperial throne.…
Written specially for the end user by a team of people within the company or by external consultants; for example the software which manages London's congestion-charging system.…
World civilizations in the early ages were mainly histories of males, and the Roman civilization was no exception. There were few women's names recorded in history books at that time, and the names mostly appeared with their husbands or fathers. As individuals, Roman women were not able to run for office or even take part in voting, enjoying almost no political rights. Since their lives were highly related to their fathers and husbands before and after their marriages, it was hard for them to become economically independent and own their own properties. It also seemed to be not feasible for Roman women to achieve high social positions because of their identities as men's appurtenances. However, through the development of the Roman society, Roman women were not as powerless as they seemed to be, and the force of Roman women was more and more difficult to neglect. In fact, women had played a significant part in political, economic and social lives of Rome.…
Perhaps the most visible example is that of Dionysus as the ‘stranger’ who visibly is feminine in appearance. Pentheus’ reaction to the stranger seems to be a conflict of hyper-masculinity against – his very first words to the strange are “you are attractive” (Euripides 172.453) followed by a series of complimentary jabs at his masculinity. Pentheus’ seemingly contradictory response to the stranger – part compliment and part disgust – could be seen as a paradox of hyper-masculinity – whilst he denotes the stranger for his effeminate features such as his “fair skin” (456), he does so in a way that could be viewed as sensual as could be inferred from his reference to Aphrodite . In fact, his frequent reverting to concepts of sexuality (especially when relating to the Theban Bacchae) could be argued to indicate a contrast between the supposedly ‘rational’ men and the lustful woman being somewhat inverted to highlight the dangers of attempting to remove the feminine. The cross-dressing chorus may also have served to juxtapose gendered values and the “problematic relationship between the exclusively male community of Athenian citizens and the ‘tribe of women’ who are simultaneously insiders and outsiders”…
The traditional dates for the Roman Republic are 509 to 27 B.C. The latter part of this period from 133 to 27 B.C. is known as the late Republic. It is also known as the Roman Revolution. The result of this revolution was the emergence of the Roman Empire and the catalyst has traditionally been linked to a single Roman citizen called Tiberius Gracchus. The wake of his brief political career left Rome much different than it had been. Like a crack in the wall of a dam, Tiberius revealed a weakness in the Roman system of government that would soon spider out of control until it could no longer hold back the deluge of the building political tension. What was this weakness?…
A male’s masculinity was very important to him. To have your masculinity questioned or doubted was a sign of disrespect. If another male ever brought a man’s masculinity into question, there was a ‘tradition’ that the man that was called out would often do. The male who was called out would force himself onto the accusers son and have sex with him in order to prove that he was masculine and defend that notion (Williams 1999). This goes to show how nonchalant sexual acts were within the Roman Empire, yet they held so much impact in defining who was a man and displayed masculinity and who did not. Looking back on Roman literature and history, this was a widely practiced action if you were questioned about your masculinity.…
Masculinity is defined as the attributes most commonly associated with men. The perception of men’s masculinity had been such an integral part of Roman society that it was insulting to be considered not masculine and therefore not a man. Society valued masculinity so much that in order for boys to become Roman citizens they had to learn to never be submissive. As such, masculinity was often a prerequisite for citizen status and privilege. Masculinity and sex were so interconnected in the values and ideals of ancient Roman society that being masculine was the most important part of a man’s sexual relationships.…
One single body of thought has influenced post-classical society’s view of gender roles. This body of thought perceived the idea of patriarchy as a given, established millennia ago, undeniable, unquestionable, and lastly, necessary. Consequently, the laws that followed this faulty perception led to the subordination of women throughout the whole of the post-classical era. However, it would be inaccurate to categorize either gender as monolithic when talking about civilizations that spanned thousands of miles over the course of a millennium. This is remedied by the little change each civilization expressed toward women. Religion established many laws restricting women and setting the political abilities of men high. Men of societies in China, India, and Africa were seen as the capable figure more and more while women were thought of as inferior to men; this, however, still allowed heavy disagreement about whether or not women could own property their a husband’s death, or in the event of divorce and outside the walls of marriage.…
Women have played important roles throughout history. They have been responsible for the rise and fall of nations, sustaining families, and have been the focal point of worship in ancient religions. Moving forward in history, women's roles have continually changed. Their status as matriarchs changed as the more advanced ancient civilizations rose. The patriarchal societies of ancient Greece and Rome viewed women differently from some societies of past eras. The study of the economic and political status of women, their rights, and their contributions to both these ancient societies reveals how views change throughout history.…
Warfford, Anita Angeline. “The Development and Impact of Gender Roles in Sparta.” The Catacombs. 12 Oct. 2008 < http://home.triad.rr.com/warfford/ancient/spartagen.html>.…
Blood sports refer to sporting activities that end in bloodshed. This is through injuring and killing of both the human and animal participants in order to please the spectators of the sport, honour and remember the dead, and also to punish law breakers. According to David .S. Potter in Gladiators and Blood sports in ancient Rome, gladiatorial combat and beast hunting were commonplace activities that occurred under the permission and supervision of the ruling emperors and they took place in arenas with public viewing.…
In most of the ancient Greek world, gender roles were fairly static throughout time and outside circumstances had little or no influence on gender construction. Men functioned within the public sphere, whereas women were restricted to the private, domestic sphere. This was the typical gender construction of most ancient societies, and remained so in much of the world until modern times.…
world. It is evident through her descriptions that she is more in favor of the androgynous…
Gender roles set a standard for how every person is supposed to behave according to their sex. These expectations are based on stereotypical traits and there are often consequences for not following the norms. Shakespeare’s Macbeth gives evidence of how men and women were perceived during the Elizabethan era and what would happen if they did not conform to those roles. Most of the characters’ actions in the play are influenced by how strict the expectations are. Society’s definitions of masculinity and femininity force the characters to conform to certain behaviors based on their gender, which leads some to reject or criticize their given role.…
The treatment and stigma towards women is constantly evolving. It varies from country to country, and it changing even today. As war driven cultures started to take over, freedom and respect for women decreased in ancient societies. Their freedom, rights, and societal status were ever changing in history. For this paper, the focus will be on the Ancient Minoa, Classical Athens, and the Roman Empire.…