Egypt Vs Sublime
Egypt down to his heirs , following Ottoman succession practice, to the eldest male of the royal family, with the following conditions :
- The rule should be in a direct line from the elder male, among the sons and grandsons. Their nomination that should be made by the Sublime Porte.
- If at any time fate should decide that the male line should become extinct, the Sublime Porte will choose the ruler of Egypt.
- The daughters of the dynasty have no right to rule Egypt.
Actually this firman granted the dynasty succession, and placed Egypt under the Ottoman practice. It opened the way for struggles between the sons of the royal family. Mohammed Ali had tried to wrest more rights for his successors, as he knew that those successors would have
a difficult time .
Problems appeared clearly when Ismail became the heir. His elder brother Ahmed Rifcat was killed in a railway accident, and there were rumours that Ismail was behind the matter .
In 1866 Khedive Ismail, in return for large sums of money for the Sultan, had obtained a new law of succession, in which the rule of Egypt transferred from the father to the eldest son, or, if there were no sons, to the eldest nephew, with the regency rule if the heir was a minor . On 8 June 1873 this firman with the order of succession was confirmed .
According to the system of hierarchy, Mustafa Fazil the brother of Khedive Ismail was next in line after Khedive, so Khedive Ismail obtained a firman from the Sublime Porte to change the law of succession in the favour of his son Tewfik.
The succession rules were changed with Egypt's changing status. After the declaration of the British protectorate over Egypt in 1914 during the outset of World War I and the consequent secession of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire, succession no longer had to be confirmed by a firman of the Sultan. Consequently, Egypt was under British protectorate, and Khedive became Sultan.
- The rule should be in a direct line from the elder male, among the sons and grandsons. Their nomination that should be made by the Sublime Porte.
- If at any time fate should decide that the male line should become extinct, the Sublime Porte will choose the ruler of Egypt.
- The daughters of the dynasty have no right to rule Egypt.
Actually this firman granted the dynasty succession, and placed Egypt under the Ottoman practice. It opened the way for struggles between the sons of the royal family. Mohammed Ali had tried to wrest more rights for his successors, as he knew that those successors would have
a difficult time .
Problems appeared clearly when Ismail became the heir. His elder brother Ahmed Rifcat was killed in a railway accident, and there were rumours that Ismail was behind the matter .
In 1866 Khedive Ismail, in return for large sums of money for the Sultan, had obtained a new law of succession, in which the rule of Egypt transferred from the father to the eldest son, or, if there were no sons, to the eldest nephew, with the regency rule if the heir was a minor . On 8 June 1873 this firman with the order of succession was confirmed .
According to the system of hierarchy, Mustafa Fazil the brother of Khedive Ismail was next in line after Khedive, so Khedive Ismail obtained a firman from the Sublime Porte to change the law of succession in the favour of his son Tewfik.
The succession rules were changed with Egypt's changing status. After the declaration of the British protectorate over Egypt in 1914 during the outset of World War I and the consequent secession of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire, succession no longer had to be confirmed by a firman of the Sultan. Consequently, Egypt was under British protectorate, and Khedive became Sultan.