Experiment two hypothesis: The Achilles tendon response will be slower than the patellar response.
The patellar reflex will decrease when the quadriceps is tensed
The Achilles reflex will increase with a heavier tap. 4.Hypothesis
17) Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.…
The sensory receptor detects a stimulus. The interneurons receive inputs from sensory receptors and synapse on motor neurons. The effects on motor neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory. Lastly, motor neurons produce muscle contraction, and motor response. Reflexes often have effects in groups of motor neurons to different muscles; sometimes at different joints in the same limb or in a different limb. Reflexes are valuable tools for clinical evaluation of how our nervous system is functioning. For reflex to occur, all elements must be functional and our pathways must be intact. If reflexes are absent, the physician can diagnose where the pathway has been interrupted and can diagnose where function is compromised.…
LABORATORY REPORT Activity 2 Twitch Contractions and Summation Name Instructor Date PREDICTIONS Effect of Muscle Fiber Length on Contraction 1. As muscle fiber length increases Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 2. As the frequency of stimulation increases, the force of contraction MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurement of Threshold Stimulus 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable 3. Controlled Variables Effect of Muscle Length on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable 3. Controlled Variables Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable 3. Controlled Variables 4. What structure was stimulated to cause a muscle contraction 5. Explain why the temperature of the water bath was 35C (95 F). 6. At a stimulation frequency of 15 Hz how many stimuli were there per second RESULTS See Table 4 Measurement of Threshold Stimulus See Graph Effect of Stimulation Value on Twitch Contraction Force 1. What is the threshold stimulus 2. What is the maximum force generated at the threshold stimulus 3. How does increasing voltage above threshold stimulus affect force development See Table 5 Muscle Length and Contraction Force See Graph Effect of Muscle Fiber Length on Contraction Force 4. What was the force of contraction at a muscle length of 7.0 mm 5. What was the optimal muscle length (muscle length that generated the maximum force) 6. What was the maximum force generated at optimal length 7. How does increasing muscle fiber length affect force of muscle contraction See Table 6 Stimulation Frequency and Contraction Force See Graph Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction Force 8. What was the force of contraction at a stimulation frequency of 22.5 9. At what frequency of stimulation was the maximum force generated 10. What was the maximum force generated in this experiment 11. How does increasing stimulation frequency affect force production DISCUSSION 1. Explain why muscle contraction…
Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: As the stimulus frequency increases further, what will happen to the muscle tension and twitch appearance with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this response? Your answer : a. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle tension generated by each successive stimulus will increase. There will be no limit to this increase. Stop & Think Questions: What begins to happen at around 80 msec? You correctly answered: c. unfused tetanus develops How does the trace at 130 stimuli/sec compare with the trace at 50 stimuli/sec? You correctly answered: b. Fused tetanus develops at this greater stimulus frequency. How do the traces with 146–150 stimuli per second compare with the trace at 130 stimuli per second? You correctly answered: d. Maximal tetanic tension develops with these very high stimulation frequencies. Experiment Data: Voltage 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Length 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stimuli/sec 50 130 140 142 144 146 148 150 Active Force 5.12 5.88 5.91 5.94 5.94 5.95 5.95 5.95 Passive Force 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Force 5.12 5.88 5.91 5.94 5.94 5.95 5.95 5.95…
In this activity you will use an EKG sensor and a measuring device called an accelerometer to compare the speed of voluntary versus reflex muscle action. Just as it can measure the electrical activity of your heart, the EKG sensor will measure the electrical activity in a moving muscle. When we record the electrical activity in muscles, we call this reading an electromyogram or EMG. You will make a rough calculation of nerve impulse speed using data generated by an accelerometer and the EKG sensor. As you analyze data for response times, you will also investigate what has to occur in the nervous system during a reflex and a voluntary action.…
____________________ is a procedure used to evaluate the electrical activity of certain muscles and is helpful in the diagnosis…
Participants in this study were 7 from biological psychology lab section 2. Participants were between the ages of 19-23years old and there was not requirement to participate in this study except to be enrolled on biological psychology lab. All participants (within subject) served in all level of the independent variable which was neutral and positive stimuli/pictures. While participant look at either the positive or the neutral stimuli with their right feet submerged in the bucket of ice water, we measured time to pain, time it took for participant to take their feet out of the water. Also while doing this, we measured basal heart rate and measured heart rate every 30seconds while participant had their feet in the bucket…
O B J E C T I V E S 1. To define these terms used in describing muscle physiology: multiple motor unit summation, maximal stimulus, treppe, wave summation, and tetanus. 2. To identify two ways that the mode of stimulation can affect muscle force production. 3. To plot a graph relating stimulus strength and twitch force to illustrate graded muscle response. 4. To explain how slow, smooth, sustained contraction is possible in a skeletal muscle. 5. To graphically understand the relationships between passive, active, and total forces. 6. To identify the conditions under which muscle contraction is isometric or isotonic. 7. To describe in terms of length and force the transitions between isometric and isotonic conditions during a single muscle twitch. 8. To describe the effects of resistance and starting length on the initial velocity of shortening. 9. To explain why muscle force remains constant during isotonic shortening. 10. To explain experimental results in terms of muscle structure.…
We said that reflex achieved greater intensity with Jendraksisk Manoever perform than without. We also said that greater stimulus from tapping the knee generates more distance from the knee. An investigation done from Tham et al (2011), stated that different strike forces done to the knee affected the amount of reflex obtained therefore, saying with low strike force generated no action potential compare to higher striking forces which generated higher reflex action potential. Our hypothesis correspond to the study done because with higher stimulus input the greater the reflex but our assumption didn't not agree with the result. The class average had a higher reflex distance without the Jendrassik maneover perform. This might state that the class made an error in striking force which many could have tapping with low force that generated less distance reflexion of the knee. The study goes on to say that using Jendrassik menauever when tapping increase the amount of sensitivity to the afferent fibres of the knee and removes the "presynaptic inhibition which thereby suppresses the motor neuron leading to an increase in reflex response" (Zehr & Stein, cited in Tham et. al., 2011). Additionally, with Jendrassik maneuver activates the motor neuron instead of the afferent fiber p410. This result supports the third hypothesis with tapping higher generated more reflex…
10/23/12: CHAPTER 9: MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE 10. 10/30/12: CHAPTER 10: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM EXAM REVIEW: CHAPTERS 6-10 11. 11/6/12: EXAM II: CHAPTERS 6-10 12. 11/13/12: CHAPTER 11: FUNDAMENTALS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS TISSUE CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 13. 11/20/12: CHAPTER 13: THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND REFLEX ACTIVITY 14.…
Having completed the practical activity(s), use your knowledge from the Anatomy unit and research, to describe and explain the INITIAL RESPONSES of the CV system to exercise (in this…
* by applying stimulus (sensory input from environment) to different parts of leg, and recording participants’ reaction time (amount of time taken to respond to…
There is also an electro-physiological test which shows impulses moving through the nerves to see if the impulses are moving too slow or…
Then sterilization of the site of needle insertion, a 12 cm, 20 gauge short-beveled stimulating needle attached to a nerve stimulator and attached to the surface electrode was inserted with a 90-degree angle to the skin and advanced until either plantar flexion or dorsiflexion of the foot was obtained. Initially, the stimulating current was set between 1.5 to 2 mA, and the frequency of stimulation was set at 2 Hz. The intensity of the stimulating current was gradually decreased as the needle approached the targeted nerve. The position of the needle was adjusted to maintain an adequate muscular response with a stimulating current < 0.5 mA. The goal is visible or palpable twitches of the hamstrings, calf muscles, foot, or toes at 0.2-0.5 mA current. After reaching the goal, the solution injected in the studed groups.…
An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of your heart. An EKG translates the heart's electrical activity into line tracings on paper. The spikes and dips in the line tracings are called waves.…