Electron Transport Chain

12. Briefly discuss the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. In your explanation, discuss and identify key molecules involved in this process and explain their relationship which each other in terms of how they contribute to the main cellular purpose of this process. Electron transport chain plays a key role of in the production of oxygen in cellular respiration. ETC uses many enzymes located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the production of oxygen. The source of these electrons are NADH and FADH2 which are the key molecules in this process and as these electrons are passed along this series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to carry out chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochondrial compartment. Next, the H+ ions then flow back through special pores in the membrane, and the process is thought to drive the process of ATP synthesis. One glucose molecule produces the net yield of 34 ATP and consequently 6 H2O molecules are formed when these electrons unite with molecular O2 at the end of electron transport chain.
13. Explain naturally-occuring human chimerism. How could it occur, and why is important for the general public to be aware
of its possibility.
Chimera refers to a single organism who is composed of cells from different zygotes. This can result in male and female organs, two blood types, or different variations in form.
Naturally occurring chimeras are produced when multiple fertilized eggs are united or mearged with each other. Normally, genetic chimerism is not visible on casual inspection. However, it has found application in the due course of proving parentage. Apart from natural chimerism, another process by which chimerism can occur in animals is by organ transplantation which means giving one individual tissues that developed from two genomes. For example, a bone marrow transplant or a kidney transplant that can change someone's blood type.
The common people should have knowledge of this chimerism in order to make themselves aware of the crimes that may involve a suspect who is chimeric. In that case if the chimera test is not performed then there is a possibility that the suspect may get away with the crime as only one set of his/her DNA would be taken into consideration and the other set(s) would be considered of someone else who actually do not exist as all the samples of DNA belongs to the same chimeric suspect.

14. Describe the Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis, and explain how it is connected to current and future cancer treatment.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that has the capability and characteristics associated with normal stem cells, especially the ability to give rise to different cell types found in a particular cancer sample.
The traditional cancer therapies use chemotherapy, radiation, or surgical resection solely or in combination. Now-a-days Cancer stem cells play a key role in helping future study on cancer research based on the isolation and identification of CSCs, the cancer diagnosis, and the cancer therapy. Understanding the properties and characteristics of CSCs has become one of the most essential research items these days. The most common oncology treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection, can only shrink the tumor and the tumor tends to relapse. Thus, therapeutic strategies that focus on targeting CSCs and their microenvironmental niche address the ineffectiveness of traditional cancer therapies to eradicate the CSCs that otherwise result in therapy resistance. The combined use of traditional therapies with targeted CSC-specific agents may target the whole cancer and offer a promising strategy for lasting treatment and even cure.

15. Identify one specific molecular mechanism by which microbial organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) avoid a specific molecular mechanism of an antimicrobial. (Here a brief general summary of such a mechanism would be fine; you do not need to provide specific details of this mechanism.)
One of the most specific molecular mechanisms used by microbial organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) to avoid an antimicrobial is by antibiotic resistance. In bacteria antibiotic resistance is achieved when the bacteria undergoes a change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents i.e. antimicrobial agents designed to cure or prevent infections on the bacteria. Thus the bacteria can survive and continue to multiply causing more harm to the host. Bacteria uses several methods to attain antibiotic resistance. Some of those mechanisms involve enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets, and changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics.

16. Freebie = +3 extra credit points for taking the final quiz! Good job! You are nearly done with this course. Keep up the good work.
Vegetarian diet Vs. Non vegetarian diet
We have a great variety of food items and hence people have unlimited choices of the food they eat.
Some choose to be vegetarian while others prefer to have a high protein diet (i.e. animal products). Proteins are necessary to every human for growth, so the vegetarian people who consume vitamins sources should look for protein sources as well within the vegetable sources. On the other hand the non-vegetarian people get both protein and vitamin nutrients. The vegetarian people should have fresh fruit juices, oats, green leafy vegetables and so on. Soyabean is a good alternative of meat and fish. Pulses too contain high protein percentage. So, it is upto the people to select the food habit for a healthy
living.