Epidemiology of Small Ruminant Tuberculosis

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii SUMMARY iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS 3 2.1. Global distribution of small ruminant tuberculosis 3 2.2. Risk factors 3 2.2.1 Agent factors 3 2.2.2 Management and Ecological Factors 4 2.2.3 Host factors 5 2.3 Transmission 6 3. STATUS OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS IN ETHIOPIA 7 4. ZOONOTIC IMPORTANCE OF SMALL RUMINANT TUBERCULOSIS 9 4.1. Zoonotic significance 9 4.2. Risk factors of zoonotic tuberculosis from small ruminants 10 4.3. Reverse zoonosis 11 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 6. REFERENCES 13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful (1:1)

I owe great deal of gratitude to my advisor Dr.Gezahegn Mamo for his intellectual guidance, provision of materials and information, and time devotion to correct this manuscript.

My sincere gratitude also goes to my mam, Shamiya Ahmed and my dad, Kalif Umar; May Allah shower His mercy upon them as they did with me when I was a child. My earnest gratitude is to my wife, Rahima Umar, for her genuine advice and moral support throughout my study period. I am greatly indebted to my parents-in-law, Umar Abdo and Safiya Mahammed, for their great support.

Words, hardly express my heartfelt gratitude to my lifelong best friend, Abdi Mume for his indispensable encouragement, financial and moral support in my entire study period.

I also need this opportunity to extend my acknowledgement to, Kelbessa Bahiru, Taha Junda my uncle Abdala Abdo, and my brother Adem Kalif for their moral and financial support.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BTB bovine tuberculosis
CIDT comparative intradermal tuberculin test
HELIMEX Hashim Nur’s Ethiopia Live Animal and Meat Exporter
MBTC Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PPD purified protein derivative
SIT Spoligotype (Shared) International Type
TB Tuberculosis

References: Ayele, W., Neill, S., Zinsstag, J., Weiss, M., and Pavlik, I., (2004): Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa. Inter J of Tuberculosis and Lung Dis, 8(9): 924–937. Brudey, K., Driscoll, J., and Rigouts, L., (2006): Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microb. 6(23):56-61. Cadmus, S., Adesokan, H., Jenkins, A., and Van Soolingen, D., (2009): Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in goats, Nigeria. Emer Infec Dis, 15(12):206–207. Clifton-Hadley, R., Crawshaw, T., and Daniel, R., (2008): Tuberculosis in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Res, 163(4):127-130. Coleman, J., and Cooke, M., (2001): Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife in New Zealand. Tuberculosis, 81(5): 191–202. Cordes, D., Bullians J., Lake, D., and Carter, M., (1981): Observations on tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in sheep. New Zealand Vet J, 29(4):60–62. Cosivi, O., Grange, J., Daborn, C., Raviglione, M., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D., Robinson, R., Huchzermeyer, H., De Kantor, I., Meslin, F., (1998): Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis, 4(9):59-70. Cousins, D.V, (1993): Mycobacterium bovis infection in goat. Australia Vet j, 70(7):262-263. CSA, (2010): Central Statistic Agency—report on Livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings). Statistical Bulletin 468, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. De Vos, V., Bengis, R., Kriek, N., Michel, A., Keet, D., Raath, J., and Huchzermeyer, H., (2001): The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. J of Vet Res, 68(45): 119–130. FAOSTAT (2009): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. Gracey, J.F., (1986): Bacterial, viral and fungal diseases. Meat Hygiene; Bailliere Tindall, 8th edt. London 305-371 Grange, J., Dabron, C., and Cosivi, O., (1994): HIV-related tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis Gutierrez, M., Samper, S., Jimenez, M., Van Embden, J., Marin, J., and Martin, C., (1997): Identification by spoligotyping of a caprine genotype in Mycobacterium bovis strains causing human tuberculosis. J. Clin Microb, 35(3):28–30. Hiko, A., and G. E., Agga, (2011): First-time detection of mycobacterium species from goats in Ethiopia. Trop Animal Health and Prod, 43(1):133–139. Houlihan, M., Williams, S., and Poff, J., (2008): Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a sheep during routine surveillance. Vet Rec, 163(3):94–95. Javed, T., Munira, A., Shahida, M., Severib, G., Irfan, M., Aranaz, A., and Cagiola, M., (2009): Percentage of reactor animals to single comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin (SCCIT) in small ruminants in Punjab Pakistan. Acta Trop, 113(6):88-91. Marianelli, C., Cifani, N., and Capucchio, M., (2010): A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep. J Vet Diag Investig, 22(3):445–448. Moda, G., Daborn, C., Grange, J., and Cosivi, O., (1996): The zoonotic importance of Mycobacterium bovis. Tubercle Lung Dis, 77(7):103–108. Morris, R., Pfeiffer, D., and Jackson, R., (1994): The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections. Vet Microb, 40(7):153–177. Munoz-Medoza M., De Juan, L., Menendez S., Ocampo A., Mourelo J., Saez, J., Dominguez, L., Gortazar C., Gracia-Martin J., and Baseiro, A., (2012): Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep. Vet J, 191 (2):267–269. Naima, S., Borna, M., and Bakir, M. (2011): TB in cattle and Goat of North Algeria. Vet Res, 4(4): 100–103. Naranjo, V., Gortazar, C., Vicente, J., and De la fuente, J., (2008): Evidence of the role of European wild boar as a reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: A review. Vet Microb, 127(3):1–9. Nigussie, T., (2005): Preliminary study of tuberculosis in small ruminants slaughtered at helimex export abattoir. Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia: DVM thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. O’Reilly, L., and Daborn, C., (1995): The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review. Tubercle Lung Dis, 76(5): 1-46. Ocepek, M., Pate, M., Olnir-Dovc, M., and Poljak, M., (2005): Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from human to cattle. J Clin Microbiol, 43(35):55–3557. PFE, (2004): Pastoralist forum Ethiopia—background to the Ethiopian livestock industry,” in Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Pastoral Development in Ethiopia: Pastoralism and Sustainable Pastoral Development, pp. 78–79, PFE, Addis Ababa. Prodinger, W., Eigentler, A., Allerberger, F., Schonbauer, M., and Glawischnig, W., (2002): Infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae in western Austria. J Clin Microb, 40(22):70-72. Quintas, H., Reis, .J, Pires, I., and Alegria, N., (2010): Tuberculosis in goats. Vet Rec, 166(4):37–43. Regassa, A., Medhin, G., and Ameni, G., (2008): Bovine tuberculosis is more prevalent in cattle owned by farmers with active tuberculosis in central Ethiopia. Vet J, 178(4):119–125. Rodwell, T., Kriek, N., Bengis, R., Whyte, I., Viljoen, P., De Vos, V., and Boyce, W., (2001): Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo at Kruger National Par. J Wildlife Dis, 37(2):58–64. Sapolsky, M., and Else, J., (1987): Bovine tuberculosis in a wild baboon population: Epidemiological aspects. J. of Med Prim, 16(2):29–35. Shanahan, A., Good, M., Duignan, A., Curtin, T., and More, S., (2011): Tuberculosis in goats on a farm in Ireland: epidemiological investigation and control. Vet Rec, 168(18):485. Sharpe, A., Brady, C., Johnson, A., Byrne, W., Kenny, K., and Costello, E. (2010): Concurrent outbreak of tuberculosis and caseous lymphadenitis in a goat herd. Vet Rec, 166 (19): 591–592. Tafess, K., Dawo, F., Sori, T., and Ameni, G., (2011): Prevalence of caprine tuberculosis in mid-rift valley area of Oromia, Ethiopia. African j of Mic Res, 5(12):1473–1478. Tag El Din, and El Nour Gamaan, (1982): Tuberculosis in sheep in the Sudan. Trop. Anim. Health Prod, 14(1):26-28. Tarara, R., Suleman, M., Sapolsky, R., Wabomba, M., and Else, J., (1985): Tuberculosis in wild olive baboons, Papio cynocephalus Anubis (Lesson), in Kenya. J. of Wildlife Dis, 21(13):7–14. Tschopp, R., Aseffa, A., and Schelling, E., (2010): Bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in Hamer Woreda, South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 5(8):12-20. Tschopp, R., Bobosha, K., and Aseffa, A., (2011): Bovine tuberculosis at a cattle-small ruminant-human interface in Meskan, Gurage region, Central Ethiopia. BMC Infec Dis, 11(3):18-21. WHO, (1994): Zoonotic tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis): a memorandum from WHO (with participation of FAO). Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72, 851–857. Wood, P.R., (1989): A new test for TB Yassin, M., Olobo, J., Kidane, D., Negesse, Y., Shikeles, E., Tadesse, A., Demissie, A., Britton, S., Aseffa, A., and Abate, G., (2003): Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Butajira, rural Ethiopia. Scand J Infect Dis, 35(2):40-43.