In 1967, Martin Seligman created a study along with his fellow colleagues on classical conditioning. Seligman desired to understand the idea of association. In the experiment, Seligman accidentally came across an interesting fact. The study included Seligman ringing a bell, then giving a light shock to dogs. After multiple times of doing this, the dogs reacted as if they have been shocked simply from hearing the sound of the bell. Then Seligman proceeded to put the dogs into large, individual crates. Each crate had a low divider through which the dogs were able to see and jump over to the other side. The dogs were put on the electric side of the fence; he then gave the dogs a light shock. Interestingly, the dogs laid there helpless, and didn’t even attempt to jump over the fence and reach the non electric side. It seemed as though the dogs felt that after enduring what they did in the first part of the experiment, there’s no point in even trying to help themselves escape the electric…
Process of learning to avoid some unpleasant stimulus, such as learning not to place your hand on a hot stove.…
PLO Sawtry School age 14-16, year ten students: are very interested in motor vehicle being their first year at the college. This is year ten students First term so need to calm them down they like to just take all cars apart with not having the understanding and underpinning knowledge how to rebuild the vehicles.…
“ The only means of strengthening one’s intellect is to make-up one’s mind about nothing- to let the mind be a thoroughfare for all thoughts” – John Keats.…
I researched R.L. Stine, the author of Goosebumps. R.L. Stine was also the author of the “Fear Street Kids”. One thing i didn’t know about my author was that some people call him Bob. R.L. Stine writes more than 2000 words a day. The most interesting facts was that R.L. Stine didn’t excel in school, and he got mostly C’s and B’s.…
Many Americans have fears of all kinds. One fear is roller coasters. Individuals who have this type of fear may also have the fear of heights and how high the drop is on a loop or how fast the coaster goes. They have the feeling as if they are going to fall if up too high or how queasy their stomach may feel with the thought of approaching the big loop. This type of behavior can come from something as little as tripping off a curb or falling off a bike which triggers them to be afraid or fearful of anything that is high up. When it comes to individuals with the fear of roller coaster there is something in the mind telling them that they are too high up which…
The Official Course Outline lists student learning outcomes, stating that by the end of the semester, the student will:…
The behaviourist approach to learning suggests that behaviour is learned from environmental factors, rewards and punishments. For example if you touched a flame from a candle and it burns you then you learn not to touch a flame again because you know that you will get burned. Behaviourists often call this conditioning. This was demonstrated in John B Watson’s famous experiment where he used a small boy called little Albert and created a phobia of rats in him. This would…
Bracewell, R. J., & Black, A. H. (1974). The effects of restraint and noncontingent preshock on subsequent escape learning in the rat. Learning and Motivation, 5(1), 53-69.…
Psychologists have suggested phobias develop as a consequence of conditioning, and many phobic’s can remember a specific episode which caused the onset of their phobia (Freud, 1909; Ost and Hugdahl, 1981). However, research suggests it is not necessary for a specific episode to occur to change behavior. Kirsch et al (2004) studied rats in a maze. They were left to explore before food was…
In 1898, Edward Thorndike accentuated the strengths and weaknesses of stimulus-response connections with the introduction of the theory of learning. The premise of Thorndike’s research implied that rewards and punishment have distinct yet an equal impact on human behaviors. However, one of the more well-known learning theorists in modern times is B.F. Skinner, who shares comparable behavioral observation as Thorndike, in that behaviors are learned as a consequence of actions. Further testing of this theory, Skinner developed the prominently distinguished Skinner box, which observed animal training and behaviors. Initially, the Skinner box was used to detect the behaviors of rats. A metal bar is positioned in an area of the experimental…
His article was first published in 1974. The experiment was design to see how much pain a person would inflict on another person at the command of the experimenter. For the experiment, they selected an ordinary person as the teacher and an actor as the learner. The experimenter explained to the teacher that they were studying the effects of learning with punishment. The learner was then put into an electric chair. The teacher was given a list that had word pairs on it. The teacher was supposed to read the first word and the learner was supposed to recall the second word. When the learner got the word incorrect, he was shocked with increasing intensity. The real focus of the experiment was the teacher and the learner was an actor who never received any shocks. The teacher sat in front of a shock generator, which had thirty switches on it. The switches were labeled 15-450 volts. There were subcategories labeled on the switches and it went from “Slight Shock” to “Dangerous: Severe Shock”. (Milgram…
Canada has always been known as a peaceful country. Among other parts of the world consumed by riots, lawlessness and violence, Canada is seen as an oasis of democracy, freedom, and responsible government. However during October of 1970, it was made very clear that the potential for civil strife, terrorism, and even revolution exists in the true north strong and free. During this terrifying month, a terrorist group calling themselves the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and provincial minister Pierre Laporte, and threatened to kill them unless a series of demands was met by the federal government. Then-Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau refused to give in to the demands of terrorists, and responded by sending the armed forces to assist the Quebec police, and on October 16th, 1970, Pierre Trudeau addresses the nation, explained his position, and informed Canada that he had invoked the War Measures Act. This move suspended the civil liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights and gave the police and army extraordinary power to pursue leads and…
However, negative reinforcement can also work against good classroom management. For example, teachers are often directed to remove particularly unruly students from the classroom. If the student in fact wishes to be removed from the classroom, the teacher is playing into the principle of escape conditioning. The principle of escape conditioning states that in a given situation, removal of an unpleasant stimulus will increase the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in that situation (Obenchain and Taylor 205, 9).…
The social learning theory suggests that an individual’s behaviors and thoughts are shaped by observations (Hutchinson, 2016). This theory uses social behavioral aspects of conditioning and discusses that individuals’ behaviors are prompted by emotions and thoughts. The emotions and thoughts that are displayed by a person are thought of as behaviors that need an explanation (Hutchinson, 2016). The conditioning principles used are operant conditioning and classical conditioning (Hutchinson, 2016). Operant conditioning is the use of reinforcements or punishments, while classical conditioning uses the pairing of stimuli to learn (Hutchinson, 2016). Modeling is a form of the social learning theory. This form states that behaviors can be learned…