Essay
TURKISH EDUCATION SYSTEM A BRIEF HISTORY BY BOZKURT GÜVENÇ
Contents A Note on Turkish Historiography Part I. From Beginnings to Tanzimat (ca 1850) I.1. Education of Ancient Turks before the Ottomans I.2. Schools and Scholars molding the Ottoman Empire I.3: The Enderun and Upbringing of Janisseries Part II. From Tanzimat to Democracy: Hunderd Years II.1. Military Schools Paving the Way (1773-1839) II.2. The Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876) II.3. From Monarchy to Republic (1878-1923) II.4. Quest for Culturel Modernity (1923-1950) Part III. From Scholastic to Social Education (1950 to Present) III.1. Democrasy for Progress or Restoration? III.2. Demography of Growing Numbers : Quantity or Quality? III.3. Dichotemies: General or Technical, Seperate or Comprehensive, English or Turkish; Private or Public; Fee or Free Scools? III.4. Dilemma : Islamic vs Secular or the Turkish-Islam Synthesis? III..5. Prospects of the " Uninterrupted 8-Year School" Contreversy; Note on the Role of Military; "Intervention or Mediation"? Bibliography of References Cited in the Text
A Note on Turkish Historiography According to a concept of history held in France but prevailing in the contemporary world the writing of history, in the proper sense of the word, may be divided into four principal ages: 1. The Classical (First) Ages: BC 3000-AD 476 (From early writings to the fall of Rome) 2. The Middle (Dark) Ages: AD 476-1453 (From the Fall of Rome to the Fall of Byzantium) 3. The New Ages: From 1453 to the French Revolution (1789) 4. The Recent or Near Ages: From 1789 to the Present According to records of Chinese archives, the Turks ' appearance on the historical stage took place about BC 220. By this date, Turks may be considered as late comers to world history. Hence, like many nations of the East, Turkish history followed a road of development markedly different from the pattern established in the West. Following the criteria of western historiography, Sina Aktin has recently proposed
Contents A Note on Turkish Historiography Part I. From Beginnings to Tanzimat (ca 1850) I.1. Education of Ancient Turks before the Ottomans I.2. Schools and Scholars molding the Ottoman Empire I.3: The Enderun and Upbringing of Janisseries Part II. From Tanzimat to Democracy: Hunderd Years II.1. Military Schools Paving the Way (1773-1839) II.2. The Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876) II.3. From Monarchy to Republic (1878-1923) II.4. Quest for Culturel Modernity (1923-1950) Part III. From Scholastic to Social Education (1950 to Present) III.1. Democrasy for Progress or Restoration? III.2. Demography of Growing Numbers : Quantity or Quality? III.3. Dichotemies: General or Technical, Seperate or Comprehensive, English or Turkish; Private or Public; Fee or Free Scools? III.4. Dilemma : Islamic vs Secular or the Turkish-Islam Synthesis? III..5. Prospects of the " Uninterrupted 8-Year School" Contreversy; Note on the Role of Military; "Intervention or Mediation"? Bibliography of References Cited in the Text
A Note on Turkish Historiography According to a concept of history held in France but prevailing in the contemporary world the writing of history, in the proper sense of the word, may be divided into four principal ages: 1. The Classical (First) Ages: BC 3000-AD 476 (From early writings to the fall of Rome) 2. The Middle (Dark) Ages: AD 476-1453 (From the Fall of Rome to the Fall of Byzantium) 3. The New Ages: From 1453 to the French Revolution (1789) 4. The Recent or Near Ages: From 1789 to the Present According to records of Chinese archives, the Turks ' appearance on the historical stage took place about BC 220. By this date, Turks may be considered as late comers to world history. Hence, like many nations of the East, Turkish history followed a road of development markedly different from the pattern established in the West. Following the criteria of western historiography, Sina Aktin has recently proposed
References: Part I. From Beginnings to Tanzimat (ca 1850) Education of the ancient Turks from early beginnings to the Tanzimat (or the Ottoman Reformation) period in the second half of the l9th century is overviewed in three parts: