Each concept discusses how schools are punishing students more severely, especially students that are minorities. The article discusses how schools are suspending and arresting students for minor offenses, especially young black males. “For example, studies show that African-American students were three times more likely to be suspended than white students during the 2009-10 school year, largely for nonviolent offenses including disruptive or disrespectful behavior, tardiness, profanity and dress code violations -- behavior that occurs on a daily basis in most schools” (Mediratta 2014). One study also showed that even one suspension can lead a student to drop out of school and that can lead them into the juvenile justice system. This is an example of Kupchik’s “school to prison…
They argue this theory with how schools vary in instruction based on their location. Schools serving low-income working class neighborhoods are emphasize rules and behavioral control (similar to what we have discussed in the Gilbert book about social mobility and class…
The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to exclude evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. It is also a right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures by the Fourth Amendment. Some exceptions of the exclusionary rule is barring the use at trial of evidence obtained pursuant to an unlawful search and seizure. Some other exceptions to the exclusionary rule are: (1) a second, unpoisoned/untainted source had a major rule in finding the evidence, (2) the evidence would have been discovered…
In 1787, Thomas Jefferson wrote “Above all things, I hope the education of the common people will be attended to; convinced that on their good sense we may rely with the most security for the preservation of a due degree of liberty” (Tanner & Tanner, 1995, p. 4). Jefferson theorized that indifference to education puts liberty and self-governance in peril. Education could provide each individual the opportunity to gain knowledge in order to promote self-governing and freedom (Tanner & Tanner, 1995).…
Rios explains “The Youth Control Complex”, as a system that manages, controls, and incarcerates poor youth of color who are deviant and incompetent who participate as full citizens. Rios points out that Latinos are not incarcerated at the rates of Black men, however in states where there are larger populations of Latinos the incarceration rates are alarming. In his observation, Rios finds that Black and Latino youth are criminalized at every level in their lives as students, children, and community members. The “Youth Control Complex” and complex network of criminalization, surveillance, and punishment “label” and treat youth as serious criminal offenders.…
Therefore, I strongly believe that the schools play a huge role in the expulsion and dropout rate which has a direct impact on the “School to Prison Pipeline” The zero-tolerance policies that has been on place has also had an impact on students who are not nuisances or at risk. Imagine your child gets suspended for bringing a nail clipper to school… Overly harsh disciplinary policies push students…
One of the contributions is the policy that lawmakers have established. The policy is established in a way that focuses on the poor, uneducated minority males. Bruce Western explains in his book “Poverty and Inequality in America,” that incarceration is concentrated among the disadvantage because they lack social capital and advantages. This group includes the less educated, less skilled, financially disadvantage and minority men (15). African Americans and Hispanics have greater chance to be incarcerated than whites because a study shows that Black men are six to eight times more likely to be in prison than whites (15). Law is established in a way that benefits the wealthy and privileged but put minority at an, even more, disadvantaged state. Young minority males are already living in poverty when they get incarcerated, and when they come out it is hard for them to integrate back into society because they do not have the financial support. The policy established put offenders at a disadvantage because they cannot get a job without an employer conducting a background check on them. The policy created makes it hard to be part of society again after paying their debt to…
This report will demonstrate racial and ethnic disparities in Juvenile Justice System in the United States. The report will outline the major reasons for why Juvenile Justice System need to be reform, what the effect the incarcerates of more than 1,600 children who are overwhelming majority of color and from low-income families, What is racial disparities, how does racial and ethnic disparities affect the people of color communities, and how to reduce racial disparity. The report will also have arguments on what rights the juvenile have. The research for this report was primarily obtained from books published in Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice Publications and an article from the web on juvenile Justice Reform.…
The racial differences that begin with juvenile involvement become greater within communities, they more poverty stricken the more law enforcement. This could also be due to the more urban the community is the more condensed it is with people. Most researchers find that minorities especially blacks are disproportionally represented at most stages of the juvenile justice system beginning with the initial contact with law officials (Piquero, 2008). Minority juveniles are more likely to come into contact with law officials than their white peers. Minority youths are also predicted to have higher levels of aggression than whites youths. Tests have been conducted showing that minority youths have more community stresses causing a higher survival rate (Vazsonyi, 2010). Many minority youths are faced with being thrown away by parents. Which causes them to self support themselves at early stages of life, this may increase their risk of coming into contact with law officials more frequently. Another leading factor to higher aggression levels in many minority youths could be caused by self dependency. The disproportionate minority contact is the leading source to a mass incarceration of minority…
The first step toward dismantling the pipeline is to take a critical look at existing school discipline policies, the actual practices of schools and law enforcement, and the impact of those policies and practices. In the vast majority of cases, data demonstrates that policies or practices seen in the School-to-Prison Pipeline are counterproductive and lack a pedagogical underpinning. In fact, many of these policies not only label children as criminals, but they also encourage children to lose hope, making it more likely that they will wind up behind bars. These policies, and the incentive to pursue them, should therefore be eliminated or suspended while communities propose alternatives. It goes without saying that students cannot learn if the school environment is not safe. However, while students’ safety should be a priority, there are many ways to keep schools safe without implementing exclusionary discipline policies. Across the country, parents, educators, students, judges, juvenile justice professionals and police officers have crafted programs that have achieved positive results while keeping children in mainstream educational environments. Social services-based truancy intervention programs, peer mediation, after school programs, intensive guidance counseling, and conflict resolution programs are just a few examples of the kind of efforts that have proven…
Many factors must be considered when assessing the behaviors of children with incarcerated parents. Was the child exposed to parental criminality prior to the parent's incarceration? Did the child exhibit emotional instability or have behavior problems before the parent's incarceration? In Doing Time on the Outside, Braman argues that "[Children] made fatherless by incarceration are not only more likely to be abused, to live in poverty, and to burden their extended family but also more likely to be involved in the criminal justice system themselves, contributing to a cycle of abuse and neglect across generations (p 93)." Having an antisocial or incarcerated parent was one of the strongest predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood (Eddy and Reid, 2001)." Children with incarcerated parents often exhibit behaviors that stem from feelings of anger, anxiety or fear, to name a few. Socioeconomic status, parent education, sexual abuse, substance abuse and physical abuse are a few of the many factors that affect how children cope with parental incarceration.…
Most of the people in poor, urban communities are ethnic minorities. The poverty rates for African Americans and American Indians are three times higher than for whites (Landon 14). Discrimination against ethnic minorities goes back for hundreds of years. Whether they are discriminated directly or indirectly, such as not being hired for a job because of their race, this discrimination contributes to poverty and other social problems (Landon 14). For example, according to the article, U.S. Incarceration Rates by Race, in 2010, there were almost seven times more African Americans in prison than white Americans. These high incarceration rates contribute to families being split up, children with parents in prison dropping out of school and becoming homeless, and a much more limited access to higher education…
Crime statistics and incarceration rates reveal that young African American men are prosecuted and imprisoned at higher rates than their Non-Hispanic White counterparts. Although the total number of incarcerations by race does not vary significantly, the age of prisoners by race is meaningful. In December 2011, the U.S. Department of Justice statistics for sentenced male prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction totaled 1,537,415. Broken down by race, Blacks totaled 555,300 prisoners with Whites totaling 465,100 and Hispanics 331,500. As the assignment scenario noted, in 2003 there was disparity between the incarceration rates for males aged 25-29 among races. As of 2011, rates for the same age group do not show as wide of a gap. In 2011, White males ages 25 to 29 comprised 14.4 percent of incarcerated males compared to 16.5 percent Blacks and 18.8 percent Hispanics. The statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice for 2011 show that “More than half (52%) of white male prisoners were age 39 or younger, compared to 63% of black and 68% of Hispanic male prisoners.” There remains disparity when age is factored into the incarceration rates with eleven percent more Blacks and sixteen percent more Hispanics incarcerated than Whites for those 39 and younger. In addition, one must consider that African Americans have higher rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration when they total a minority number in the population.…
Research reviewed. The articles utilized for this literature review provided an array of information that allowed for a greater understanding of the topic. However, it was difficult to find articles that addressed the topic of minority incarceration. Most of the articles explored during this phase of research lacked a focus on the issues of minority incarceration, and were generally accompanied by a sub topic that deviated the conversation. The articles explored also lacked fitting methods of data collection, as they were either predominantly qualitative, or quantitative. With such a diverse topic, a mixed methods approach would have strengthened the research conducted, and given a deeper understanding. The data collected also appeared to lack diversity, as Black’s and Latino’s were the only groups portrayed as minorities in the articles, despite the numerous identities that would fall under such a broad term. Furthermore, the articles also addressed historical pieces that have led to this mass incarceration among minorities, but talked little about the current policies and legislation that target minority populations. The articles also seemed to have a micro focus, as where a macro focus that included the families and other intersecting systems would have also given a deeper understanding of…
the cycle of crime continues on. with man fathers incarcerated children are not forming the necessary social bonds and are not developing the proper skill needed to become productive members of society. not to be taken lightly are the socioeconomic disadvantages that increase the disparity between minorities and the majority, and heighten their chances of incarceration. nor can one count out that the mere location of these individuals also increases their risk of incarceration. the cycle continues on and the number of minorities incarcerated continues to rise. if nothing is done for the poor in the urban areas to help themselves rise above the poverty and despair, the incarceration rates are sure to continue to rising with no end in sight.the united states is a country that was founded on equality, yet the system is filled with inequality. by understanding why this disparity occurs and possibly helping to correct the problem, in the future we may be able to re-establish racial equality in our prosecution and incarceration policies. it is important that all perspectives and possibilities are examined in regard to this issue so that attempts to alleviate the disparities can be made. while policy does have some effect, particularly in the aftermath of the crack epidemic, socioeconomic biases, location, and disadvantaged pasts seem to weigh in equally as underlying factors in sentence disproportionality. moreover, policy becomes racially biased, for it and the criminal system in genral are biased against the poor, a category in which many minorities tend to…