First Proportional Representational System Analysis

First Proportional Representational (PR) system promote democratic development and political participation more than other systems including majoritarian system. The majoritarian – PR contrast arise from the definition of democracy. Consequently, Majoritarianism argues that majorities should rule and minorities should oppose, but that definition is challenged by the PR model as that definition is considered a threat to the principles of democracy which based on inclusiveness not excluding minorities. On the other side, PR model calls for inclusiveness through maximizing the size of the majorities and promote political participation in order to avoid the rule of plurality instead of the majority. PR system had an advantage in decreasing the
The majoritarian system suffered with the effect of “policy lurch” and the tendency to focus on short-term issues. On the other hand, PR system had an effective way of dealing with long-term issues concerning Economy and Environment . A study by Hix and Carey in 2009 estimated that PR systems were more fiscally responsible and more likely to have a fiscal surplus and lower deficits. Another study applied on 107 countries by Knutsen (1820 – 2002) had estimated that PR and semi-PR generate a massive robust and generate an increase in economic growth. PR system promotes focusing on broad interest policies like universal education spending policies rather than special interest policies. Besides, the easier access to political institutions, the more citizens will participate in political process, the more the government will be representative and more responsive to a wide range of citizens’ demands, the more people will feel satisfied
A Study by Vincenzo Verardi (2005) estimated that when PR increases, inequality declines. This view is supported by Soskice and Iversen (2006) who found that PR is associated with income redistribution as diversity in representation will limit the elite control over decision-making and promote equality (Saloman, 2014). The decision-making process is a contribution for PR system as it does not only allow the possibility of Consensus but also allow the possibilities generating innovative solutions in short time. PR system promotes the equality not only between social classes but also Gender equality. Woman representation in parliament was higher 8% in PR countries (Lijphart). “Multi-member districts allow more women to be elected” this theory was popular as parties will prefer to diversify between their candidates to have the support of a wider range of people including women. A Study had made an experiment to test this theory so they compared between the Alternative vote (AV) and the single transferable vote system (STV), the AV is the proportional one, and the AV is the majoritarian one, at the end, the STV system allows more woman to be elected. Many Democratic countries including the US have quite low level of woman representation and that is shameful. the UN had determined 30% as a target to reach concerning the rate of women political participation, While if we had a look