Fluid and Electrolytes Study Guide
Fluid and Electrolytes Study Guide
-Fluids and Electrolytes move between interstitial fluid (surrounds the cell) and the intravascular fluid (blood plasma, capillaries).
-Intracellular Fluid:
-Extracellular Fluid: -Interstitial Fluid -Intravascular Fluid -Transcellular Fluid
-Filtration: movement of water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable membrane. it s promoted by hydrostatic pressure, lack of this will call edema and unable to concentrate urine
-Diffusion: from a high concentration to a low concentration, example in the body is breathing
-Osmosis: movement of only water through a semipermeable membrane across a concentration gradient
-Active Transport: transport with the use of energy (ex. sodium and potassium pumps)
-Hypotonic Solution: lower solute concentration
-Hypertonic: higher solute concentration
-Isotonic: equal concentration
-Sodium moves out of the cell/ Potassium moves into the cell
-Phosphorus move out of the cell/Calcium moves into the cell
-Kidneys and the Endocrine System work together using three hormones -Aldosterone: prevents Na and H2O loss (adrenal cortex) -Renin/Angiotensin: increases blood flow to nephrons, increases urine output, Renin= constricts ACE= dilates -ADH: reabsorbs H2O
Fluid Imbalances: dehydration/fluid overload
-specific gravity: >1.030 urine is concentrated
-daily weights
-I/O
HYPOVOLEMIA
Dehydration S/S:
-thirst
-rapid, weak pulse
-low BP, orthostatic hypotension
-dry skin/mucous membranes
-skin tenting: adult-chest, infant-belly button
-decreased urine output
-increased temperature
-MAP= 65-70
-fatigue, lethargy, restlessness
-cracked tongue, sunken eyes
Causes of fluid deficit:
-insensible loss (through skin)
-hemorrhage
-GI loss, N/V, diarrhea, suction
-overuse of diuretics
-inadequate fluid intake
-diabetes insipidus
N/C:
-monitior I/O, weight, mucous membranes
-IV therapy
HYPERVOLEMIA
Fluid Excess S/S:
-bounding pulse
-elevated BP
-peripheral edema
-weight gain
-distended
-Fluids and Electrolytes move between interstitial fluid (surrounds the cell) and the intravascular fluid (blood plasma, capillaries).
-Intracellular Fluid:
-Extracellular Fluid: -Interstitial Fluid -Intravascular Fluid -Transcellular Fluid
-Filtration: movement of water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable membrane. it s promoted by hydrostatic pressure, lack of this will call edema and unable to concentrate urine
-Diffusion: from a high concentration to a low concentration, example in the body is breathing
-Osmosis: movement of only water through a semipermeable membrane across a concentration gradient
-Active Transport: transport with the use of energy (ex. sodium and potassium pumps)
-Hypotonic Solution: lower solute concentration
-Hypertonic: higher solute concentration
-Isotonic: equal concentration
-Sodium moves out of the cell/ Potassium moves into the cell
-Phosphorus move out of the cell/Calcium moves into the cell
-Kidneys and the Endocrine System work together using three hormones -Aldosterone: prevents Na and H2O loss (adrenal cortex) -Renin/Angiotensin: increases blood flow to nephrons, increases urine output, Renin= constricts ACE= dilates -ADH: reabsorbs H2O
Fluid Imbalances: dehydration/fluid overload
-specific gravity: >1.030 urine is concentrated
-daily weights
-I/O
HYPOVOLEMIA
Dehydration S/S:
-thirst
-rapid, weak pulse
-low BP, orthostatic hypotension
-dry skin/mucous membranes
-skin tenting: adult-chest, infant-belly button
-decreased urine output
-increased temperature
-MAP= 65-70
-fatigue, lethargy, restlessness
-cracked tongue, sunken eyes
Causes of fluid deficit:
-insensible loss (through skin)
-hemorrhage
-GI loss, N/V, diarrhea, suction
-overuse of diuretics
-inadequate fluid intake
-diabetes insipidus
N/C:
-monitior I/O, weight, mucous membranes
-IV therapy
HYPERVOLEMIA
Fluid Excess S/S:
-bounding pulse
-elevated BP
-peripheral edema
-weight gain
-distended